1. Davis JO. Regulation of aldosterone secretion. In: Einstein AB e, ed. The adrenal cortex. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967:203-247.

2. Bech K, Tygstrup I, Nerup J. The involution of the foetal adrenal cortex. A light microscopic study. Acta Pathol.Microbiol.Scand. 1969;76:391-400.

3. Dhom G. The prepubertal and pubertal growth of the adrenal (adrenarche). Beir Pathol 1973;150:357-377.

4. Parker CRJ, Mixon RL, Brissie RM, Grizzle WE. Aging alters zonation in the adrenal cortex of men. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1997;82:3898-3901.

5. Labrie F, Belanger A, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Candas B. Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1997;82:2396-2402.

6. Longcope C. Adrenal and gonadal androgen secretion in normal females. In: Horton R, Lobo RA, eds. Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1986:213-228.

7. Pang SY, Legido A, Levine LS, Temeck JW, New MI. Adrenal androgen response to metyrapone, adrenocorticotropin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation in children with hypopituitarism. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1987;65:282-289.

8. McKerns KW. Steroidogenesis and metabolism in the adrenal cortex. In: AnonymousSteroid Hormones and Metabolism. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969:9-30.

9. Brown JD, Doe RP. Pituitary pigmentary hormones. Relationship of melanocyte-stimulating hormone to lipotropic hormone. JAMA 1978;240:1273-1278.

10. Krieger DT, Liotta AS, Suda T, Goodgold A, Condon E. Human plasma immunoreactive lipotropin and adrenocorticotropin in normal subjects and in patients with pituitary-adrenal disease. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1979;48:566-571.

11. Nicholson WE, Liddle RA, Puett D, Liddle GW. Adrenocorticotropic hormone biotransformation, clearance, and catabolism. Endocrinology 1978;103:1344-1351.

12. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J. Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Science 1981;213:1394-1397.

13. Lamberts SW, Verleun T, Oosterom R, de Jong F, Hackeng WH. Corticotropin-releasing factor (ovine) and vasopressin exert a synergistic effect on adrenocorticotropin release in man. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1984;58:298-303.

14. Ghizzoni L, Bernasconi S, Virdis R, Vottero A, Ziveri M, Volta C, Iughetti L, Giovannelli G. Dynamics of 24-hour pulsatile cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione release in prepubertal patients with nonclassic 21- hydroxylase deficiency and normal prepubertal children. Metabolism 1994;43:372-377.

15. Ghizzoni L, Mastorakos G, Vottero A, Magiakou MA, Chrousos GP, Bernasconi S. Spontaneous cortisol and growth hormone secretion interactions in patients with nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (NCCAH) and control children. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1996;81:482-487.

16. Rosenfeld RS, Rosenberg BJ, Fukushima DK, Hellman L. 24-Hour secretory pattern of dehydroisoandrosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1975;40:850-855.

17. Feuillan P, Pang S, Schurmeyer T, Avgerinos PC, Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in partial (late-onset) 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1988;67:154-160.

18. Parker LN. Control of adrenal androgen secretion. Endocrinol Metab Clin.North Am. 1991;20:401-421.

19. Thomas G, Frenoy N, Legrain S, Sebag-Lanoe R, Baulieu EE, Debuire B. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels as an individual marker. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1994;79:1273-1276.

20. Warne GL, Carter JN, Faiman C, Reyes FI, Winter JS. Hormonal changes in girls with precocious adrenarche: a possible role for estradiol or prolactin. J.Pediatr. 1978;92:743-747.

21. Wathen NC, Perry L, Hodgkinson S, Chard T. The relationship between prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and testosterone in normally menstruating females. Acta Endocrinol.(Copenh.) 1985;109:173-175.

22. Sklar CA, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Lack of effect of oestrogens on adrenal androgen secretion in children and adolescents with a comment on oestrogens and pubic hair growth. Clin.Endocrinol.(Oxf.) 1981;14:311-320.

23. Zachmann M, Manella B, Eiholzer U, Bucher H, Prader A. Influence of oestrogen in high and low doses on plasma steroid concentrations in girls with tall stature and Turner syndrome. Acta Endocrinol.(Copenh.) 1984;106:368-373.

24. Sobrinho LG, Kase NG, Grunt JA. Changes in adrenocortisol function of patients with gonadal dysgenesis after treatment with estrogen. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1971;33:110-114.

25. Mattila AL, Perheentupa J, Pesonen K, Viinikka L. Epidermal growth factor in human urine from birth to puberty. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1985;61:997-1000.

26. Keymolen V, Dor P, Borkowski A. Output of oestrogens, testosterone and their precursors by isolated human adrenal cells as compared with that of glucocorticosteroids. J.Endocrinol. 1976;71:219-229.

27. Parker LN, Lifrak ET, Kawahara CK, Geduld SI, Kozbur XM. Angiotensin II potentiates ACTH-stimulated adrenal androgen secretion. J.Steroid Biochem. 1983;18:205-208.

28. Zadik Z, Chalew SA, McCarter RJJ, Meistas M, Kowarski AA. The influence of age on the 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone in normal individuals. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1985;60:513-516.

29. Lee PA, Kowarski A, Migeon CJ, Blizzard RM. Lack of correlation between gonadotropin and adrenal androgen levels in agonadal children. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1975;40:664-669.

30. Sizonenko PC, Paunier L. Hormonal changes in puberty III: Correlation of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, FSH, and LH with stages of puberty and bone age in normal boys and girls and in patients with Addison's disease or hypogonadism or with premature or late adrenarche. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1975;41:894-904.

31. Glasow A, Breidert M, Haidan A, Anderegg U, Kelly PA, Bornstein SR. Functional aspects of the effect of prolactin (PRL) on adrenal steroidogenesis and distribution of the PRL receptor in the human adrenal gland. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1996;81:3103-3111.

32. Lobo RA, Kletzky OA, Kaptein EM, Goebelsmann U. Prolactin modulation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1980;138:632-636.

33. Yamaji T, Ishibashi M, Takaku F, Teramoto A, Takakura K, Takami M, Fukushima T, Kamoi K. Role of prolactin in age-related change in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations. Acta Endocrinol.(Copenh.) 1989;120:655-660.

34. Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1993;77:1690-1694.

35. Mastorakos G, Weber JS, Magiakou MA, Gunn H, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and stimulation of systemic vasopressin secretion by recombinant interleukin-6 in humans: potential implications for the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1994;79:934-939.

36. Path G, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Scherbaum WA. Interleukin-6 and the interleukin-6 receptor in the human adrenal gland: expression and effects on steroidogenesis. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1997;82:2343-2349.

37. Smith R, Mesiano S, Chan EC, Brown S, Jaffe RB. Corticotropin-releasing hormone directly and preferentially stimulates dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion by human fetal adrenal cortical cells. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1998;83:2916-2920.

38. Smail PJ, Faiman C, Hobson WC, Fuller GB, Winter JS. Further studies on adrenarche in nonhuman primates. Endocrinology 1982;111:844-848.

39. Ghizzoni L, Virdis R, Ziveri M, Lamborghini A, Alberini A, Volta C, Bernasconi S. Adrenal steroid, cortisol, adrenocorticotropin, and beta-endorphin responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in normal children and children with premature pubarche. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1989;69:875-880.

40. Gell JS, Carr BR, Sasano H, Atkins B, Margraf L, Mason JI, Rainey WE. Adrenarche results from development of a 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-deficient adrenal reticularis. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1998;83:3695-3701.

41. Mesiano S, Katz SL, Lee JY, Jaffe RB. Insulin-like growth factors augment steroid production and expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human fetal adrenal cortical cells: implications for adrenal androgen regulation. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1997;82:1390-1396.

42. Fottner C, Engelhardt D, Weber MM. Regulation of steroidogenesis by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in adult human adrenocortical cells: IGF-I and, more potently, IGF-II preferentially enhance androgen biosynthesis through interaction with the IGF-I receptor and IGF-binding proteins. J.Endocrinol. 1998;158:409-417.

43. Fearon U, Clarke D, McKenna TJ, Cunningham SK. Intra-adrenal factors are not involved in the differential control of cortisol and adrenal androgens in human adrenals. Eur.J.Endocrinol. 1998;138:567-573.

44. Grumbach MM, Richards GE, Conte F.A, et al. Clinical disorders of adrenal function and puberty: an assessment of the role of the adrenal cortex in normal and abnormal puberty in man and evidence for an ACTH-like pituitary adrenal androgen stimulating hormone. In: James VH SMe, ed. The endocrine function of the human adrenal cortex. London: Academic Press, 1978:583-612.

45. Parker LN, Lifrak ET, Odell WD. A 60,000 molecular weight human pituitary glycopeptide stimulates adrenal androgen secretion. Endocrinology 1983;113:2092-2096.

46. Anderson DC. The adrenal androgen-stimulating hormone does not exist. Lancet 1980;2:454-456.

47. Byrne GC, Perry YS, Winter JS. Kinetic analysis of adrenal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity during human development. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1985;60:934-939.

48. McKenna TJ, Fearon U, Clarke D, Cunningham SK. A critical review of the origin and control of adrenal androgens. Baillieres.Clin.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1997;11:229-248.

49. Clarke D, Fearon U, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ. The steroidogenic effects of beta-endorphin and joining peptide: a potential role in the modulation of adrenal androgen production. J.Endocrinol. 1996;151:301-307.

50. Miller WL, Auchus RJ, Geller DH. The regulation of 17,20 lyase activity. Steroids 1997;62:133-142.

51. Zhang LH, Rodriguez H, Ohno S, Miller WL. Serine phosphorylation of human P450c17 increases 17,20-lyase activity: implications for adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1995;92:10619-10623.

52. Dunaif A, Xia J, Book CB, Schenker E, Tang Z. Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J.Clin.Invest. 1995;96:801-810.

53. Qin KN, Rosenfield RL. Role of cytochrome P450c17 in polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol.Cell Endocrinol. 1998;145:111-121.

54. Li M, Youngren JF, Dunaif A, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Zhang BB, Evans JL. Decreased Insulin Receptor (IR) Autophosphorylation in Fibroblasts from Patients with PCOS: Effects of Serine Kinase Inhibitors and IR Activators. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.2002.Sep.;87.(9.):4088.-93. 87:4088-4093.

55. Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr.Rev. 1997;18:774-800.

56. Takayama S, White MF, Kahn CR. Phorbol ester-induced serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor decreases its tyrosine kinase activity. J.Biol.Chem. 1988;263:3440-3447.

57. Chin JE, Dickens M, Tavare JM, Roth RA. Overexpression of protein kinase C isoenzymes alpha, beta I, gamma, and epsilon in cells overexpressing the insulin receptor. Effects on receptor phosphorylation and signaling. J.Biol.Chem. 1993;268:6338-6347.

58. Martens JW, Geller DH, Arlt W, Auchus RJ, Ossovskaya VS, Rodriguez H, Dunaif A, Miller WL. Enzymatic activities of P450c17 stably expressed in fibroblasts from patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J.Clin.Endocrinol Metab 2000.Nov.;85.(11.):4338.-46. 85:4338-4346.

59. Auchus RJ. The regulation of human P450c17 activity:relashionship to premature adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1998;9:47-50.

60. Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schutz G, Umesono K, Blumberg B, Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 1995;83:835-839.

61. Kremer EJ, Pritchard M, Lynch M, Yu S, Holman K, Baker E, Warren ST, Schlessinger D, Sutherland GR, Richards RI. Mapping of DNA instability at the fragile X to a trinucleotide repeat sequence p(CCG)n. Science 1991;252:1711-1714.

62. Verkerk AJ, Pieretti M, Sutcliffe JS, Fu YH, Kuhl DP, Pizzuti A, Reiner O, Richards S, Victoria MF, Zhang FP. Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome. Cell 1991;65:905-914.

63. Fu YH, Pizzuti A, Fenwick RGJ, King J, Rajnarayan S, Dunne PW, Dubel J, Nasser GA, Ashizawa T, de Jong P. An unstable triplet repeat in a gene related to myotonic muscular dystrophy. Science 1992;255:1256-1258.

64. Schoenberg MP, Hakimi JM, Wang S, Bova GS, Epstein JI, Fischbeck KH, Isaacs WB, Walsh PC, Barrack ER. Microsatellite mutation (CAG24-->18) in the androgen receptor gene in human prostate cancer. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 1994;198:74-80.

65. Hardy DO, Scher HI, Bogenreider T, Sabbatini P, Zhang ZF, Nanus DM, Catterall JF. Androgen receptor CAG repeat lengths in prostate cancer: correlation with age of onset. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1996;81:4400-4405.

66. Coetzee GA, Ross RK. Re: Prostate cancer and the androgen receptor. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1994;86:872-873.

67. Irvine RA, Yu MC, Ross RK, Coetzee GA. The CAG and GGC microsatellites of the androgen receptor gene are in linkage disequilibrium in men with prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1995;55:1937-1940.

68. La Spada AR, Wilson EM, Lubahn DB, Harding AE, Fischbeck KH. Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 1991;352:77-79.

69. Chamberlain NL, Driver ED, Miesfeld RL. The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function. Nucleic.Acids.Res. 1994;22:3181-3186.

70. Allen RC, Zoghbi HY, Moseley AB, Rosenblatt HM, Belmont JW. Methylation of HpaII and HhaI sites near the polymorphic CAG repeat in the human androgen-receptor gene correlates with X chromosome inactivation. Am.J.Hum.Genet. 1992;51:1229-1239.

71. Vottero A, Stratakis CA, Ghizzoni L, Longui CA, Karl M, Chrousos GP. Androgen receptor-mediated hypersensitivity to androgens in women with nonhyperandrogenic hirsutism: skewing of X-chromosome inactivation. J.Clin.Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1091-1095.

72. Heinlein CA, Chang C. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: an overview. Endocr.Rev.2002.Apr.;23.(2.):175.-200. 23:175-200.

73. Sato N, Sadar MD, Bruchovsky N, Saatcioglu F, Rennie PS, Sato S, Lange PH, Gleave ME. Androgenic induction of prostate-specific antigen gene is repressed by protein-protein interaction between the androgen receptor and AP-1/c-Jun in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. J.Biol.Chem. 1997;272:17485-17494.

74. Hayes SA, Zarnegar M, Sharma M, Yang F, Peehl DM, ten Dijke P, Sun Z. SMAD3 represses androgen receptor-mediated transcription. Cancer Res.2001.Mar.1.;61.(5.):2112.-8. 61:2112-2118.

75. Kang HY, Lin HK, Hu YC, Yeh S, Huang KE, Chang C. From transforming growth factor-beta signaling to androgen action: identification of Smad3 as an androgen receptor coregulator in prostate cancer cells. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.2001.Mar.13.;98.(6.):3018.-23. 98:3018-3023.

76. Palvimo JJ, Reinikainen P, Ikonen T, Kallio PJ, Moilanen A, Janne OA. Mutual transcriptional interference between RelA and androgen receptor. J.Biol.Chem. 1996;271:24151-24156.

77. Aarnisalo P, Palvimo JJ, Janne OA. CREB-binding protein in androgen receptor-mediated signaling. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1998;95:2122-2127.

78. Yuan X, Lu ML, Li T, Balk SP. SRY interacts with and negatively regulates androgen receptor transcriptional activity. J.Biol.Chem.2001.Dec.7.;276.(49.):46647.-54. 276:46647-46654.

79. Schneikert J, Peterziel H, Defossez PA, Klocker H, Launoit Y, Cato AC. Androgen receptor-Ets protein interaction is a novel mechanism for steroid hormone-mediated down-modulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression. J.Biol.Chem. 1996;271:23907-23913.

80. Panet-Raymond V, Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Pinsky L, Trifiro MA. Interactions between androgen and estrogen receptors and the effects on their transactivational properties. Mol.Cell Endocrinol.2000.Sep.25.;167.(1.-2.):139.-50. 167:139-150.

81. Chen S, Wang J, Yu G, Liu W, Pearce D. Androgen and glucocorticoid receptor heterodimer formation. A possible mechanism for mutual inhibition of transcriptional activity. J.Biol.Chem. 1997;272:14087-14092.

82. Lee YF, Shyr CR, Thin TH, Lin WJ, Chang C. Convergence of two repressors through heterodimer formation of androgen receptor and testicular orphan receptor-4: a unique signaling pathway in the steroid receptor superfamily. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1999;96:14724-14729.

83. Lemon B, Tjian R. Orchestrated response: a symphony of transcription factors for gene control. Genes Dev.2000.Oct.15.;14.(20.):2551.-69. 14:2551-2569.

84. Schweikert HU, Wilson JD. Regulation of human hair growth by steroid hormones. I. Testerone metabolism in isolated hairs. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1974;38:811-819.

85. Schweikert HU, Milewich L, Wilson JD. Aromatization of androstenedione by isolated human hairs. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1975;40:413-417.

86. Deslypere JP, Verdonck L, Vermeulen A. Fat tissue: a steroid reservoir and site of steroid metabolism. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1985;61:564-570.

87. Kirschner MA, Samojlik E, Drejka M, Szmal E, Schneider G, Ertel N. Androgen-estrogen metabolism in women with upper body versus lower body obesity. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1990;70:473-479.

88. McNatty KP, Makris A, Reinhold VN, De Grazia C, Osathanondh R, Ryan KJ. Metabolism of androstenedione by human ovarian tissues in vitro with particular reference to reductase and aromatase activity. Steroids 1979;34:429-443.

89. Norman AW LG. Androgens. In: Norman and Litusassk eds, ed. Hormones. San Diego: 1987:483-513.

90. Kasperk CH, Wakley GK, Hierl T, Ziegler R. Gonadal and adrenal androgens are potent regulators of human bone cell metabolism in vitro. J.Bone Miner.Res. 1997;12:464-471.

91. Hofbauer LC, Hicok KC, Khosla S. Effects of gonadal and adrenal androgens in a novel androgen-responsive human osteoblastic cell line. J.Cell Biochem. 1998;71:96-108.