1. Chrousos GP, Gold PW (1992) The concepts of stress system disorders: Overview of behavioral and physical homeostasis. JAMA 267:1244-52
2. Dorn LD, Chrousos GP. (1993) The endocrinology of stress and stress system disorders in adolescence. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 22(3):685-700.
3. Chrousos GP (1992) Regulation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: the corticotropin-releasing hormone perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 21:833-58
4. Tsigos C, Chrousos GP (1994) Physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in health and dysregulation in psychiatric and autoimmune disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 23(3):451-66
5. Calogero AE, Gallucci WT, Gold PW, et al (1988) Multiple regulatory feedback loops on hypothalamic CRH secretion. Potential clinical implications. J Clin Invest 82:767-74
6. Valentino RJ, Foote SL, Aston-Jones G (1983) Corticotropin-releasing hormone activates noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus. Brain Res 270(2):363-7
7. Kiss A, Aguilera G: Participation of a1-adrenergic receptors in the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone during stress. Neuroendocrinology 56(2):153-60, 1992
8. Calogero AE, Gallucci WT, Chrousos GP, et al (1988) Effect of the catecholamines upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone secretion in vitro. J Clin Invest 82:839-46
9. Silverman A, Hou-Yu A, Chen WP (1989) Corticotropin-releasing factor synapses within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 49(3):291-9.
10. Aghajanian GK, Van der Maelen CP (1982) a2-Adrenoreceptor-mediated hyperpolarization of locus ceruleus neurons: Intracellular studies in vivo. Science 215:1394-6
11. Calogero AE, Bagdy G, Szemeredi K, et al (1990) Mechanisms of serotonin agonist-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Endocrinology 126(4):1888-94.
12. Fuller RW (1992) The involvement of serotonin in regulation of pituitary-adrenocortical function. Front Neuroendocrinol 13:250-70
13. Calogero AE, Gallucci WT, Chrousos GP, et al (1988) Interaction between GABAergic neurotransmission and rat hypothalamic CRH in vitro. Brain Res 463:28-36.
14. Overton JM, Fisher LA (1989) Modulation of central nervous system actions of corticotropin-releasing factor by dynorphin-related peptides. Brain Res 488(1-2):233-40.
15. Keller-Wood ME, Dallman MF (1984) Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocr Rev 5(1):1-24.
16. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, et al (1981) Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Science 213(4514):1394-7
17. Aguilera G, Millan MA, Hauger RL, et al (1987) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors: Distribution and regulation in brain, pituitary, and peripheral tissues. Ann NY Acad Sci 512:48-66
18. DeSouza EB, Insel TR, Perrin MH, et al (1985) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors are widely distributed within the rat central nervous system. J Neurosci. 5:3189-203
19. Cole B, Koob GF Corticotropin-releasing factor, stress and animal behavior, in Stress, Neuropeptides and Systemic Disease, McCubbin JA Kauffman PG and Nemeroff CB (eds), Academic Press, NY, 1991 pp119
20. Dunn AJ, Berrigde CW (1990) Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress response? Brain Res Rev 15(2):71-100.
21. Perrin MH, Vale WW. (1999) Corticotropin releasing factor receptors and their ligand family. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 20;885:312-28.
22. Polymeropoulos MH, Torres R, Yanovski JA, et al (1995) The human corticotrophin releasing factor receptor gene maps to chromosome 17q12-q22. Genomics. 1;28(1):123-4.
23. Meyer AH, Ullmer C, Schmuck K, et al (1997) Localization of the human CRF2 receptor to 7p21-p15 by radiation hybrid mapping and FISH analysis. Genomics. 15;40(1):189-90.
24. Chen R, Lewis KA, Perrin MH, Vale WW. (1993) Expression cloning of a human corticotropin-releasing-factor receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 8967–8971
25. Lovenberg TW, Halmers DT, Liu C et al (1995) CRF2a and CRF2b receptor mRNAs are differentially distributed between the rat central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Endocrinology 136, 4139–4142
26. Chalmers DT, Lovenberg TW, De Souza EB (1995) Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: Comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression. J Neurosci 15:6340-6350
27. Sanchez MM, Young LJ, Plotsky PM, et al (1999) Autoradiographic and in situ hybridization localization of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 and 2 receptors in the nonhuman primate brain. J Comp Neurol 408:365-77
28. Wong ML, Licinio J, Pasternak KI, Gold PW. (1994) Localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor mRNA in adult rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Endocrinology. 135(5):2275-8.
29. Grammatopoulos DK, Chrousos GP. (2002) Functional characteristics of CRH receptors and potential clinical applications of CRH-receptor antagonists. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 13(10):436-44.
30. Antoni FA (1993) Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front Neuroendocrinol 14:76-122
31. Gillies GE, Linton EA, Lowry PJ (1982) Corticotropin-releasing activity of the new CRF is potentiated several times by vasopressin. Nature 299:355-7
32. Rivier C, Rivier J, Mormede P, et al (1984) Studies on the nature of the interaction between vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor on adrenocorticotropin release in the rat. Endocrinology 115(3):882-6
33. Vale W, Vaughan J, Smith M, et al (1983) Effects of synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoid, catecholamines, neuro-hypophyseal peptides, and other substances on cultured corticotropic cells. Endocrinology 113(3):1121-31
34. Lamberts SW, Verleun T, Oosterom R, et al (1984) Corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin exert a synergistic effect on adrenocorticotropin release in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:298-303
35. Antoni FA (1987) Receptors mediating the CRH effects of vasopressin and oxytocin. Ann NY Acad Sci 512:195-204
36. Al-Damluji S, Cunnah D, Grossman A, et al (1987) Effect of adrenaline on basal and ovine corticotropin-releasing factor-stimulated ACTH secretion in man. J Endocrinol 112:145-50
37. Korbonits M, Kaltsas G, Perry LA, et al (1999) The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis via arginine vasopressin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2489-95
38. Egawa M, Yoshimatsu H, Bray GA. (1991) Neuropeptide Y suppresses sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats. Am J Physiol. 260(2 Pt 2):R328-34.
39. Oellerich WF, Schwartz DD, Malik KU. (1994) Neuropeptide Y inhibits adrenergic transmitter release in cultured rat superior cervical ganglion cells by restricting the availability of calcium through a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. Neuroscience. 60(2):495-502.
40. White BD Dean RG, Edwards GL, Martin RJ. (1994) Type II corticosteroid receptor stimulation increases NPY gene expression in basomedial hypothalamus of rats. Am J Physiol. 266(5 Pt 2):R1523-9.
41. Larsen PJ, Jessop D, Patel H, et al (1993) Substance P inhibits the release of anterior pituitary adrenocorticotrophin via a central mechanism involving corticotrophin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol. 5(1):99-105.
42. Culman J, Tschope C, Jost N, et al (1993) Substance P and neurokinin A induced desensitization to cardiovascular and behavioral effects: evidence for the involvement of different tachykinin receptors. Brain Res. 15;625(1):75-83.
43. Jessop DS, Chowdrey HS, Larsen PJ, et al (1992) Substance P: multifunctional peptide in the hypothalamo-pituitary system? J Endocrinol. 132(3):331-7.
44. Abou-Samra AB, Harwood JP, Catt KJ, et al (1987) Mechanisms of action of CRF and other regulators of ACTH release in pituitary corticotrophs. Ann NY Acad Sci 512:67-84,
45. Gillies GE, Linton EA, Lowry PJ (1982) Corticotropin-releasing activity of the new CRF is potentiated several times by vasopressin. Nature 299:355-7
46. Antoni FA (1993) Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front Neuroendocrinol 14:76-122
47. Engler D, Pham T, Fullerton MJ, et al (1989) Studies on the secretion of corticotropin releasing factor and arginine vasopressin into hypophyseal portal circulation of the conscious sheep. Neuroendocrinology 49:367-81
48. Redekopp C, Irvine CH, Donald RA, et al (1990) Spontaneous and stimulated adrenocorticotropin and vasopressin pulsatile secretion in the pituitary venous effluent of the horse. Endocrinology 118(4):1410-6.
49. Horrocks PM, Jones AF, Ratcliffe WA, et al (1990) Patterns of ACTH and cortisol pulsatility over twenty-four hours in normal males and females. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32:127-34
50. Iranmanesh A, Lizarralde G, Short D, et al (1990) Intensive venous sampling paradigms disclose high-frequency adrenocorticotropin release episodes in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71(5):1276-83.
51. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Johnson ML, et al (1990) Amplitude, but not frequency, modulation of adrenocorticotropin secretory bursts gives rise to the nyctohemeral rhythm of corticotropic axis in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71(2):452-63
52. Aguilera G (1993) Factors controlling steroid biosynthesis in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 45:147-51
53. Munck A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ (1984) Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev 5(1):25-44
54. Smith DF, Toft DO (1993) Steroid receptors and their associated proteins. Mol Endocrinol 7(1):4-11
55. Pratt WB (1990) Glucocorticoid receptor structure and the initial events in signal transduction. Prog Clin Bilo Res 322:119-320
56. Jonat C, Rahmsdorf HJ, Park KK, et al (1990) Antitumor promotion and anti-inflammation: Down modulation of AP-1 (fos/jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone. Cell 62:1189-204
57. Yang-Yen HF, Chambard JC, Sun YL, et al (1990) Transcriptional interference between c-jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: Mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell 62(6):1205-15
58. Matsusaka T, Fujikawa K, Nishio Y, et al (1993) Transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B synergistically activate transcription of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1;90(21):10193-7.
59. deKloet ER (2000) Stress in the brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 29;405(1-3):187-98.
60. Gilbey MP, Spyer KM (1990) Essential organization of the sympathetic nervous system.
Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 7(2):259-78.
61. Burnstock G, Miller P. Structural and chemical organization of the autonomic nervous system with special reference to noradrenergic non-cholinergic transmission, in Autonomic Failure. A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. Bannister R, Mathias CJ (eds), Oxford Medical Press, Oxford, 1989, pp107
62. Benarroch EE Neuropeptides in the sympathetic system: presence, plasticity, modulation, and implications. Ann Neurol. 1994 Jul;36(1):6-13.
63. Elfvin LC, Lindh B, Hokfelt T. (1993) The chemical neuroanatomy of sympathetic ganglia. Annu Rev Neurosci. 16:471-507.
64. Nikolarakis KE, Almeida OF, Herz A. (1986) Stimulation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin and dynorphin release by corticotropin-releasing factor (in vitro). Brain Res. 3;399(1):152-5.
65. Roth RH, Tam SY, Ida Y, et al (1988) Stress and the mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 537:138-47.
66. Gray TS Amygdala, role in autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to stress, in Stress, Neuropeptides and Systemic Disease, McCubbin JA Kauffman PG and Nemeroff C (eds), Academic Press, NY, 1989 pp37
67. Chrousos GP. (1998) Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 30;851:311-35.
68. Grigoriadis D, Heroux J, De Souza EB (1993) Characterization and regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Ciba Found Symp 72:85-101
69. Millan MJ (1981) Stress and endogenous opioid peptides. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 17:49-67
70. MacAdams MR, White RH, Chipps BE (1986) Reduction in serum testosterone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Ann Intern Med 140(5):648-51
71. Rabin D, Schmidt P, Gold PW, et al (1990) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in patients with the premenstrual syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71(5):1158-62
72. Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W (1986) Stress-induced inhibition of reproductive function: Role of endogenous corticotropin releasing factor. Science 231(4738):607-9
73. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Kyrou I, et al (1999) Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on the pituitary-testicular axis. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 19(11):1271-6.
74. Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP (1993) Evidence of direct estrogen regulation of human corticotropin releasing hormone gene expression: Potential implications for the sexual dimorphism of the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. J Clin Invest 92(4):1896-902
75. Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP. (1994) Hormonal regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression: implications for the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. Endocr Rev. 15(4):409-20.
76. Burguera B, Muruais C, Penalva A, et al (1990) Dual and selective actions of glucocorticoids upon basal and stimulated growth hormone release in man. Neuroendocrinology 51:51-8
77. Dieguez C, Page MD, Scanlon MF (1988) Growth hormone neuroregulation and its alterations in disease states. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 28:109-43
78. Unterman TG, Phillips LS (1985) Glucocorticoid effects on somatomedins and somatomedin inhibitors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61(4):618-26
79. Casanueva FF, Burguera B, Muruais C, et al (1990) Acute administration of corticosteroids: A new and peculiar stimulus of growth hormone secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:234-7
80. Rivier C, Vale W (1985) Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor and somatostatin in stress induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 117:2478-82
81. Benker G, Raida M, Olbricht T, et al (1990) TSH secretion in Cushing's syndrome: Relation to glucocorticoid excess, diabetes, goiter, and the "the sick euthyroid syndrome." Clin Endocrin 133:779-86
82. Duick DS, Wahner HW (1979) Thyroid axis in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Arch Intern Med 139:767-72
83. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Defensor R et al (1997) Dose effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone secretion and energy expenditure. Neuroendocrinology. 66(1):54-62.
84. Torpy DJ, Tsigos C, Lotsikas AJ, et al (1998) Acute and delayed effects of a single-dose injection of interleukin-6 on thyroid function in healthy humans. Metabolism 47(10):1289-93
85. Chrousos GP (2000) The role of stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: neuro-endocrine and target tissue-related causes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 24 Suppl 2:S50-5
86. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Kyrou I et al (1997) Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on glucose regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4167-4170
87. Pasquali R, Cantobelli S, Casimirri F, et al (1993) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese women with different patterns of body fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77(2):341-6
88. Kalra SP, Dube MG, Pu S et al (1999) Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocr Rev. 20(1):68-100.
89. Richard D, Lin Q, Timofeeva E (2002) The corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides and CRF receptors: their roles in the regulation of energy balance. Eur J Pharmacol. 12;440(2-3):189-97
90. Cavagnini F, Croci M, Putignano P, et al (2000) Glucocorticoids and neuroendocrine function. Int J Obesity 24 Suppl 2:S77-S79
91. Kaye WH, Berrettini W, Gwirtsman H, et al (1990) Altered cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y and peptide YY immunoreactivity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:548-56
92. Munglani R, Hudspith MJ, Hunt SP (1990) The therapeutic potential of neuropeptide Y: Analgesic, anxiolytic and antihypertensive. Drugs 52:371-89
93. Valentino RJ, Kosboth M, Colflesh M et al (2000) Transneuronal labeling from the rat distal colon: anatomic evidence for regulation of distal colon function by a pontine corticotropin- releasing factor system. J Comp Neurol 417: 399–414
94. Monnikes H, Schmidt BG, Tebbe J, et al (1994) Microinfusion of corticotropin releasing factor into the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus nuclei stimulates colonic motor function in rats. Brain Res. 25;644(1):101-8.
95. Suto G, Kiraly A, Tache Y. (1994) Interleukin 1 beta inhibits gastric emptying in rats: mediation through prostaglandin and corticotropin-releasing factor. Gastroenterology. 106(6):1568-75.
96. Soderholm JD, Perdue MH (2001) Stress and gastrointestinal tract. II. Stress and intestinal barrier function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 280(1):G7-G13.
97. Tache Y, Martinez V, Million M et al (2001)Stress and the gastrointestinal tract III. Stress-related alterations of gut motor function: role of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 280(2):G173-7.
98. Collins SM. (2001) Stress and the Gastrointestinal Tract IV. Modulation of intestinal inflammation by stress: basic mechanisms and clinical relevance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 280(3):G315-8.
99. Chrousos GP (1995) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med. 332:1351-1362
100. Reichlin S (1993) Neuroendocrine-immune interactions. N Engl J Med 329(17):1246-53
101. Akira S, Hirano T, Taga T, et al (1990) Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL-6 and related molecules (IL-1 and TNF). FASEB J 4:2860-7
102. Besedovsky HO, del Rey A (1992) Immune-neuroendocrine circuits: Integrative role of cytokines. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 13:61-94
103.Bernardini R, Kamilaris TC, Calogero AE, et al (1990) Interactions between tumor necrosis factor-alpha, hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, and adrenocorticotropin secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 126:2876-81
104. Busbridge NJ, Grossman AB (1991) Stress and the single cytokine: Interleukin modulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 82(2-3):C209-14
105. Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, et al (1987) Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. Science 238(4826):522-4
106. Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber J (1993) Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77(6):1690-4
107. Mastorakos G, Weber JS, Magiakou MA et al (1994) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and stimulation of systemic vasopressin secretion by recombinant interleukin-6 in humans: potential implications for the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 79(4):934-9.
108. Reincke M, Heppner C, Petzke F et al (1994) Impairment of adrenocortical function associated with increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 concentrations in African trypanosomiasis. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1(1):14-22.
109. Bernardini R, Calogero AE, Ehrlich YH et al (1989) The alkyl-ether phospholipid platelet-activating factor is a stimulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Endocrinology. 125(2):1067-73.
110. Bernardini R, Chiarenza A, Calogero AE, et al (1989) Arachidonic acid metabolites modulate rat hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 50:708-15
111. Bernton EW, Beach JE, Holaday JW et al (1987) Release of multiple hormones by a direct action of interleukin-1 on pituitary cells. Science. 23;238(4826):519-21.
112. Fukata J, Usui T, Naitoh Y et al (1988) Effects of recombinant human interleukin-1a, IL-1ß, IL-2 and IL-6 on ACTH synthesis and release in the mouse pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20. J Endocrinol 122:33-9
113. Salas MA, Evans SW, Levell MJ et al (1990) Interleukin-6 and ACTH act synergistically to stimulate the release of corticosterone from adrenal gland cells. Clin Exp Immunol 79(3):470-3
114. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J, et al (1991) Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 254:421-3
115. Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K, et al (1993) Corticotropin-releasing hormone in synovial fluids and tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Immunol 151:1587-96
116. Webster EL, Torpy DJ, Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP (1998) Corticotropin releasing hormone and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1;840:21-32.
117. Elenkov IJ, Webster EL, Torpy DJ, Chrousos GP (1999) Stress, corticotropin-releasing hormone, glucocorticoids, and the immune/inflammatory response: acute and chronic effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 876:1-11; discussion 11-3
118. Ottaway CA, Husband AJ. (1992) Central nervous system influences on lymphocyte migration. Brain Behav Immun. 6(2):97-116.
119. Bellinger DL, Lorton D, Felten SY, et al (1992) Innervation of lymphoid organs and implications in development, aging, and autoimmunity. Int J Immunopharmacol. 14(3):329-44.
120. Hirano T, Akira S, Taga T, et al (1990) Biological and clinical aspects of interleukin 6. Immunol Today. 11(12):443-9.
121. Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP. (2002) Stress hormones, proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 966:290-303.
122. Plomin R, Owen MJ, McGuffin P: The genetic basis of complex human behaviors. Science 264:1733, 1994.
123. Bouchard TJ: Genes, environment, and personality. Science 264:1700, 1994.
124. Thoman EB, Levine ES, Arnold WJ: Effects of maternal deprivation and incubation rearing on adrenocortical activity in the adult rat. Dev Psychobiol 1:21, 1968.
125. Suomi SJ: Adolescent depression and depressive symptoms: insights from longitudinal studies with Rhesus monkeys. J Youth Adolesc 20:273, 1991.
126. Goland SR, Jozak S, Waren WB, et al: Elevated levels of umbilical cord plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone in growth-retarded fetuses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1174, 1993.
127. Gold PW, Goodwin F, Chrousos GP (1988) Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relationship to the neurobiology of stress, part 1. N Engl J Med 319:348.
128. Gold PW, Goodwin F, Chrousos GP (1988) Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relationship to the neurobiology of stress, part 2. N Engl J Med 319:413.
129. Gold PW, Chrousos GP. (2002) Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states. Mol Psychiatry.7(3):254-75
130. Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. (2002) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res. 53(4):865-71.
131. Raadsheer F, Hoogendijk W, Stam FC et al (1994) Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology. 60(4):436-44.
132. Sheline YI, Wang PW, Gado MH et al (1996) Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93(9):3908-13.
133. Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR Jr et al (1997) Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 386(6627):824-7.
134. Gold PW, Gwirtsman H, Avgerinos P, et al: Abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in anorexia nervosa: pathophysiologic mechanisms in underweight and weight-corrected patients. N Engl J Med 314:1335, 1986.
135. Kaye WH, Gwirtsman HE, George DT, et al: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: relation to state of nutrition, adrenal function, and intensity of depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:203, 1987.
136. Malozowski S, Muzzo S, Burrows R, et al: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in infantile malnutrition. Clin Endocrinol 32:461, 1990.
137. Insel TR, Kalin NH, Guttmacher LB, et al: The dexamethasone suppression test in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Res 6:153, 1982.
138. Gold PW, Pigott TA, Kling MK, et al: Basic and clinical studies with corticotropin releasing hormone: implications for a possible role in panic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 11:327, 1988.
139. Wand GS, Dobs AS: Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in actively drinking alcoholics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:1290, 1991.
140. Bardeleben V, Heuser I, Holsboer F: Human CRH stimulation response during acute withdrawal and after medium-term abstention from alcohol abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology 14:441, 1989.
141. Risher-Flowers D, Adinoff B, Ravitz B, et al: Circadian rhythms of cortisol during alcohol withdrawal. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 7:37, 1988.
142. Roy MS, Roy A, Gallucci WT, et al (1993) The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone test in type I diabetic patients and controls: Suggestion of mild chronic hypercortisolism. Metabolism 42:696.
143. Tsigos C, Young RJ, White A (1993) Diabetic neuropathy is associated with increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Clin Endocr Metab 76(3):554-8.
144. Streeten DH. (1993) Is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity important in the pathogenesis of excessive abdominal fat distribution? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 77(2):339-40.
145. DeBellis M, Chrousos GP, Dorn LD, et al (1994) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:249.
146. Kamilaris TC, DeBold CR, Pavlou SN, et al (1987) Effect of altered thyroid hormone levels on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:994-9
147. Johnson E.O., Kamilaris T.C., Calogero A.E., Gold P.W., Chrousos G.P. (1996) Effects of Early Parenting on Growth and Development in a Small Primate. Pediatric Research 39:999-1005.
148. Chrousos G.P., Torpy D., Gold P.W. (1998) Interactions Between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal Axis and the Female Reproductive System:Clinical Implications. Ann. Intern. Med. 129:229-240.
149. Sasaki A, Shinkawa O, Margioris AN, et al (1987) Immunoreactive corticotropin releasing hormone in human plasma during pregnancy, labor and delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:224-9
150. Behan DP, Linton EA, Lowry PJ (1989) Isolation of the human plasma corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein. J Endocrinol 122:23.
151. Potter E, Behan DP, Fischer WH, et al (1991) Cloning and characterization of the cDNAs for human and rat corticotropin-releasing factor-binding proteins. Nature 349(6308):423-6
152. Linton E, Perkins A, Woods R et al (1993) Corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP): plasma levels decrease during the third trimester of normal human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 76(1):260-2.
153. Margioris A, Grino M, Gold PW, et al (1988) Human placenta and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Adv Exp Med Biol 245:389.
154. Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP. (1999) Stress Hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, Pro/Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Susceptibility to Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 10(9):359-368.
155. Demitrack M, Dale J, Straus S, et al (1991) Evidence of impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1224-34
156. Vanderpool J, Rosenthal N, Chrousos GP, et al (1991) Abnormal pituitary-adrenal responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in patients with seasonal affective disorder: clinical and pathophysiological implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(6):1382-7
157. Griep EN, Boersma JW, de Kloet ER (1993) Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 20:469-74
158. Puddey JB, Vandongen R, Neilin LJ, et al (1984) Haemodynamic and neuroendocrine consequences of stopping smoking. A controlled study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 11:423.
159. Elgerot A (1978) Psychological and physiological changes during tobacco-abstinence in habitual smokers. J Clin Psychol 34:759.
160. Doherty GM, Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr, et al (1990) Time to recovery of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis following curative resection of adrenal tumors in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Surgery 108:1085-90
161. Gomez MT, Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP (1993) The pituitary corticotroph is not the rate limiting step in the postoperative recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:173.
162. Sternberg EM, Glowa J, Smith MA (1992) Corticotropin-releasing hormone-related behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress in Lewis and Fischer rats. Brain Res 570:54, 1992
163. Sternberg EM, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, et al (1992) The stress response and the regulation of inflammatory disease. Ann Intern Med 117(10):854-66
164. Sternberg EM, Hill JM, Chrousos GP, et al (1989) Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell arthritis in Lewis rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2374.
165. Sternberg E, Young W Jr, Bernardini R et al (1989) A central nervous defect in the stress response is associated with susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall arthritis in Lewis rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:4771-5.
166. Chikanza IC, Petrou P, Chrousos GP, et al (1992) Defective hypothalamic response to immune/inflammatory stimuli in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 35:1281.
167. Chikanza IC, Chrousos GP, Panayi GS (1992) Abnormal Neuroendocrine-Immune Communications in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Eur J Clin Invest 22:635.
168. Habib KE, Weld KP, Rice KC, et al (2000) Oral administration of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist significantly attenuates behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic responses to stress in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 23;97(11):6079-84
169. Webster EL, Lewis DB, Torpy DJ, et al (1996) In vivo and in vitro characterization of antalarmin, a nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor antagonist: suppression of pituitary ACTH release and peripheral inflammation. Endocrinology. 137(12):5747-50.
170. Bornstein SR, Webster EL, Torpy DJ, et al (1998)Chronic effects of a nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone type I receptor antagonist on pituitary-adrenal function, body weight, and metabolic regulation. Endocrinology. 139(4):1546-55.
171. Deak T, Nguyen KT, Ehrlich AL, et al (1999) The impact of the nonpeptide corticotrophin releasing hormone antagonist antalarmin on behavioral & endocrine responses to stress. Endocrinology. 140(1):79-86.
172. Webster EL, Barrientos RM, Contoreggi C, et al (2002) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) antagonist attenuates adjuvant induced arthritis: role of CRH in peripheral inflammation. J Rheumatol. 29(6):1252-61
173. Gabry KE, Chrousos GP, Rice KC, et al (2002) Marked suppression of gastric ulcerogenesis and intestinal responses to stress by a novel class of drugs. Mol Psychiatry. 7(5):474-83, 433
174. Wong ML, Webster EL, Spokes H, et al (1999) Chronic administration of the non-peptide CRH type 1 receptor antagonist antalarmin does not blunt hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to acute immobilization stress. Life Sci. 65(4):PL53-8.
175. Lawrence AJ, Krstew EV, Dautzenberg FM, et al (2002) The highly selective CRF(2) receptor antagonist K41498 binds to presynaptic CRF(2) receptors in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol. 136(6):896-904.
176. Sajdyk TJ, Gehlert DR. (2000) Astressin, a corticotropin releasing factor antagonist, reverses the anxiogenic effects of urocortin when administered into the basolateral amygdala. Brain Res. 877(2):226-34.
177. Mackay KB, Stiefel TH, Ling N, et al (2003) Effects of a selective agonist and antagonist of CRF(2) receptors on cardiovascular function in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 23;469(1-3):111-5.