1. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 23 (Suppl 1):S5-S20, 2002.

2. Kukreja A, Maclaren NK. Autoimmunity and diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4371-4378, 1999.

3. Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS. Type I diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet 358:221-229, 2001.

4. Zimmet PZ, Tuomi T, Mackay R, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Cohen M, Lang DA: Latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA): The role of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in diagnosis and prediction of insulin dependency. Diabet Med 11:299-303, 1994.

5. DeFronzo RA. Lilly Lecture. The triumvariate: beta-cell, muscle, liver: a collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 37:667-687, 1988.

6. DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes. Diabetes Rev 5:178-269, 1997.

7. Banerji MA, Lebovitz HE. Insulin action in black Americans with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 15:1295-1302, 1992.

8. Bogardus C, Lilloja S, Mott DM, Hollenbeck C, Reaven G: Relationship between degree of obesity and in vivo insulin action in man. Am J Physiol 248:E286-E291, 1985.

9. Reaven GM. Banting Lecture. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:595-607, 1988.

10. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and ASCVD. Diabetes Care-Reviews 14:173-194, 1991.

11. van Tilburg J, van Haeften TW, Pearson P, Wijimenga C: Defining the genetic contribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Genet 38:569-578, 2001.

12. Engelgau MM, Herman WH, Smith PJ, German RR, Aubert RE: The epidemiology of diabetes and pregnancy in the U.S., 1988. Diabetes Care 18:1029-1033, 1995.

13. Herman WH, Fajans SS, Ortiz FJ, Smith MJ, Sturis J, Bell GI, Polonsky KS, Halter JB: Abnormal insulin secretion, not insulin resistance, is the genetic or primary defect of MODY in the RW pedigree. Diabetes 43:40-46, 1994.

14. McCarthy MI, Frognel P. Genetic approaches to the molecular understanding of type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283:E217-E225, 2002.

15. Robbins DC, Shoelson SE, Rubenstein AH, Tager HS: Familial hyperproinsulinemia: two cohorts secreting indistinguishable type II intermediates of proinsulin conversion. J Clin Invest 73:714-719, 1984.

16. Given BD, Mako ME, Tager HS, Baldwin D, Markese J, Rubenstein AH, Olefsky J, Kobayashi M, Kolterman O, Poucher R: Diabetes due to secretion of an abnormal insulin. N Engl J Med 302:129-135, 1980.

17. Taylor S, Arioglu E. Genetically defined forms of diabetes in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4390-4396, 1999.

18. Kahn CR, Flier JS, Bar RS, Archer JA, Gorden P, Martin MM, Roth J: The syndromes of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. N Engl J Med 294:739-745, 1976.

19. Longo N, Wang Y, Smith SA, Langley SD, DiMeglio LA, Giannella-Neto D. Genotype-phenotype correlation in inherited severe insulin resistance. Human Mol Gen 11:1465-1475, 2002.

20. Reitman ML, Arioglu E, Gavrilova O, Taylor SI. Lipoatrophy revisited. Trends in Endocrinol Metab 11:410-416, 2000.

21. Tiengo A., Del Prato S, Briani G, Trevisan R, De Kreutzenberg S. Acute and chronic complications of diabetes secondary to pancratopathies. J Ann Diabet de Hotel-Dieu ___:179-189, 1995.

22. McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R. Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes/Metab Rev 4:17-30, 1988.

23. Ganda OP, Simonson DS. Growth hormone, acromegaly, and diabetes. Diabetes Rev 1:286-302, 1993.

24. Werbel SS, Ober KP. Pheochromocytoma. Update on diagnosis, localization, and management. Med Clin North Am 79:131-153, 1995.

25. Menser MA, Forrest JM, Brensby RD. Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1:57-60, 1978.

26. Bressler P, DeFronzo RA. Drugs and Diabetes. Diabetes Rev 2:53-84, 1994.

27. Engelgau MM, Thompson TJ, Herman WH, Boyle JP, Aubert RE, Kenny SJ, Badran A, Sous ES, Ali MA. Comparison of fasting and 2-hour glucose and HbA1c levels for diagnosing diabetes: diagnostic criteria and performance revisited. Diabetes Care 20:785-791, 1997.

28. McCance DR, Hanson RL, Charles MA, Jacobsson LT, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Comparison of tests for glycated haemoglobin and fasting and two hour plasma glucose concentrations as diagnostic methods for diabetes. BMJ 308:1323-1328, 1994.

29. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997.

30. Alberti KG, Zimmer PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 15:539-553, 1998.

31. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New Engl J Med 346:393-403, 2002.

32. The DECODE Study Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1:617-621, 1999.

33. Gabir MM, Hanson RL, Dabelea D, Imperatore G, Roumain J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:1108-1112, 2000.

34. Harris MI, Eastman RC, Cowie CC, Flegal KM, Eberhardt MS. Comparison of diabetes diagnostic categories in the U.S. population according to the 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1980-1985 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Care 20:1859-1862, 1997.

35. Wahl PW, savage PJ, Psaty BM, Orchard TJ, Robbins JA, Tracy RP. Diabetes in older adults: Comparison of 1997 American Diabetes Association classification of diabetes mellitus with 1985 WHO classification. Lancet 352:1012-1015, 1998.

36. Lu FH, Yang YC, Wu JS, Wu CH, Chang CJ. A population-based study of the prevalence and associated factors of diabetes mellitus in southern Taiwan. Diabet Med 15:564-572, 1998.

37. Shaw JE, de Courten M, Boyko EJ, Zimmet PZ. Impact of new diagnostic criteria for diabetes on different populations. Diabetes Care 22:762-766, 1999. [PMID: 10332678]

38. Davidson MB, Schriger DL, Peters AL, Lorber B. Glycosylated hemoglobin as a diagnostic test for type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 283:606-607, 2000.

39. American Diabetes Association: Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 24 (Suppl 1):80-82, 2001.

40. Little RR. Recent progress in glycohemoglobin (HbA1C) testing [Editorial]. Diabetes Care 23:265-266, 2000

41. College of American Pathologists: Glycohemoglobin Survey 1999, Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists: 1999 (Set GH-2).

42. Stride A. Hattersley AT. Different genes, different diabetes: lessons from maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Ann Med 34:207-16, 2002.