General

1. Devendra D, Liu E, Eisenbarth GS: Type 1 diabetes: recent developments. BMJ 2004;328:750-54

2. Jackson RL: Historical Background (Chapter 2). In: Jackson RL, Guthrie RA (editors), The Physiologic Management of Diabetes in Children. Medical Examination Publishing Company, 1986, p. 6-16.

3. Lauritzen T Faber OK, Binder C : Diabetologia 1979;17:291-5.

4. Rosenfeld L: Insulin: discovery and controversy. Clin Chem 2002;48:2270-2288.

DCCT/EDIC

1. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;329:977-986.

2. Genuth S: Insights from the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study on the use of intensive glycemic treatment to reduce the risk of complications of type 1 diabetes. Endocr Pract 2006;12(Suppl. 1):34-41.

3. Martin CL, Albers J, Herman WH, Cleary P, Waberski B, Greene DA, Stevens MJ, Feldman EL; DCCT/EDIC Research Group: Neuropathy among the diabetes control and complications trial cohort 8 years after trial completion. Diabetes Care 2006:29:340-344.

4. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group: Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643-2653.

5. Skyler JS: Diabetic complications. The importance of glucose control. Endocrin Metab Clin N Amer. 1996; 25: 243-254.

6. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney International, 47:1703-1720, 1995.

7. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney International, 47:1703-1720, 1995.

8. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Ophthalmology, 102:647-661, 1995.

9. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 122:561-568, 1995.

10. Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group: JAMA 2002;287:2563-2569.

11. Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group: JAMA 2003;290:2159-2167.

Insulin

1. Brunelle BL, Llewelyn J, Anderson JH Jr, Gale EA, Koivisto VA: Meta-analysis of the effect of insulin lispro on severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1726-31

2. Colquitt J, Royle P, Waugh N: Are analogue insulins better than soluble in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion? Results of a meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine 2003:20:863-66.

3. Dewitt DE, Hirsch IB: Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review. JAMA 2003;289:2254-64.

4. Gale EA: A randomized, controlled trial comparing insulin lispro with human soluble insulin in patients with Type 1 diabetes on intensified insulin therapy. The UK Trial Group. Diabet Med, 2000;17: 209-14.

5. Hamann A, Matthaei S, Rosak C, Silvestre L; HOE901/4007 Study Group: A randomized clinical trial comparing breakfast, dinner, or bedtime administration of insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1738-44.

6. Hermansen K, Madsbad S, Pirrild H, Kristensen A, Axelsen M: Comparison of the soluble basal insulin analog insulin detemir with NPH insulin. Diabetes Care 2001:24;296-301.

7. Hirsch IB: Insulin analogues. N Engl J Med 2005;352:174-183.

8. Howey DC, Bowsher RR, Brunelle RL, Woodworth JR: [Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]-human insulin-a rapidly-absorbed analogue of human insulin. Diabetes 1994:396-402.

9. Lepore M, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, Porcellati F, Bartocci L, Di Vincenzo A, Cordoni C, Costa E, Brunetti P, Bolli GB: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes 2000;49:2142-8.

10. Lepore M, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, Porcellati F, Bartocci L, Di Vincenzo A, Cordoni C, Costa E, Brunetti P, Bolli GB: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes 2000;49:2142-8.

11. Mudaliar S, Lindberg FA, Joyce M, Beerdsen P, Strange P, Lin A, Henry RR: Insulin aspart (B28 Asp-insulin): a fast-acting analog of human insulin. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1501-6.

12. Pfutzner A, Kustner E, Forst T, Schulze-Schleppinghoff B, Trautmann ME, Haslbeck M, Schatz H, Beyer J: Intensive insulin therapy with insulin lispro in patients with type 1 diabetes reduces the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996;104:25-30.

13. Rassam AG, Zeise TM, Burge MR, Schade DS: Optimal administration of lispro insulin in hyperglycemic type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:133-36.

14. Ratner RE, Hirsch IB, Neifing JL, Garg SK, Mecca TE, Wilson CA: Less hypoglycemia with insulin glargine in intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes. U.S. Study Group of Insulin Glargine in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2000. 23: 639-43.

15. Simpson KL, Spencer CM: Insulin aspart. Drugs 1999;57:759-65.

16. Skyler JS: Insulin Pharmacology. Medical Clinics of North America 1988; 72:1337-1354

17. Vague P, Selam J-L, Skeie S, De Leeuw I, Elte JWF, MD, Haahr H, Kristensen A, Draeger E: Insulin Detemir Is Associated With More Predictable Glycemic Control and Reduced Risk of Hypoglycemia Than NPH Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes on a Basal-Bolus Regimen With Premeal Insulin Aspart. Diabetes Care 2003;26:590-96.

Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion

1. Bode BW, Steed RD, Schleusener DS, Strange P: Switch to multiple daily injections with insulin glargine and insulin lispro from continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with insulin lispro: a randomized, open-label study using a continuous glucose monitoring system. Endocr Pract 2005;11:157-164.

2. Colquitt J, Royle P, Waugh N: Are analogue insulins better than soluble in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion? Results of a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2003:20:863-66.

3. Guilhem I, Leguerrier AM, Lecordier F, Poirier JY, Maugendre D: Technical risks with subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Metab 2006;32:279-284.

4. Hirsch IB, Bode BW, Garg S, Lane WS, Sussman A, Hu P, Santiago OM, Kolaczynski JW; Insulin Aspart CSII/MDI Comparison Study Group: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of insulin aspart versus multiple daily injection of insulin aspart/insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients previously treated with CSII. Diabetes Care 2005;28:533-538.

5. Hoogma RP, Hammond PJ, Gomis R, Kerr D, Bruttomesso D, Bouter KP, Wiefels KJ, de la Calle H, Schweitzer DH, Pfohl M, Torlone E, Krinelke LG, Bolli GB; 5-Nations Study Group: Comparison of the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and NPH-based multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) on glycaemic control and quality of life: results of the 5-nations trial. Diabetic Med 2006;23:141-147.

6. Pickup J, Mattock M, Kerry S: Glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with intensive insulin injections in patients with type 1 diabetes; meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2002;324:1-6.

7. Pickup JC, Kidd J, Burmiston S, Yemane N: Determinants of glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during intensified therapy with multiple daily insulin injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: importance of blood glucose variability. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006;22:232-237.

8. Rudolph J, Hirsch IB: Assessment of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in an academic diabetes clinic. Endocr Pract 2002;8:401-5.

9. Zinman B, Tildesley HI Chiasson JL, Tsui E, Strack T: Insulin lispro in CSII: results of a double-blind crossover study. Diabetes 1997;46:440-3.

Pramlintide

1. Ceriello A, Piconi L, Quagliaro L, Wang Y, Schnabel CA, Ruggles JA, Gloster MA, Maggs DG, Weyer C: Effects of pramlintide on postprandial glucose excursions and measures of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes.. Diabetes Care 2005;28:632-637.

2. Fineman MS, Koda JE, Shen LZ, Strobel SA, Maggs DG, Weyer C, Kolterman OG: The human amylin analog, pramlintide, corrects postprandial hyperglucagonemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Metabolism 2002;51:636-641.

3. Hirsch IB, Blonde L, Buse J, Close KL, Edelman SV, Peters A, Valentine V, Wysham C, Garg S: Consensus Development Conference on Pramlintide in the Management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. The Diabetes Education Group, Lakeville, CT, 2006

4. Levetan C, Want LL, Weyer C, Strobel SA, Crean J, Wang Y, Maggs DG, Kolterman OG, Chandran M, Mudaliar SR, Henry RR: Impact of pramlintide on glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions among patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with insulin pumps. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1-8.

5. Ratner RE, Dickey R, Fineman M, Maggs DG, Shen L, Strobel SA, Weyer C, Kolterman OG: Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycaemic and weight control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med 2004;21:1204-1212.

6. Whitehouse F, Kruger DF, Fineman M, Shen L, Ruggles JA, Maggs DG, Weyer C, Kolterman OG: A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:724-730.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring

1. Garg SK, Schwartz S, Edelman SV. Improved glucose excursions using an implantable real-time continuous glucose sensor in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:634-738.

2. Garg S, Zisser, H, Schwartz S, Bailey T, Kaplan R, Ellis S, Jovanovic L: Improvement in glycemic excursions with a transcutaneous, real-time continuous glucose sensor: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2006;29:44-50.

3. Bode B, Gross K, Rikalo N, Schwartz S, Wahl T, Page C, Gross T, Mastrototaro J: Alarms based on real-time sensor glucose values alert patients to hypo- and hyperglycemia: the guardian continuous monitoring system. Diabetes Technol Ther 2004;6:105-113.

4. Fiallo-Scharer R; Diabetes Research in Children Network Study Group: Eight-point glucose testing versus the continuous glucose monitoring system in evaluation of glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2005:90:3387-3391.

5. Fisher LK, Halvorson M: Future developments in insulin pump therapy: progression from continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion to a sensor-pump system. Diabetes Educ 2006;32(Suppl 1):47S-52S.

6. Klonoff DC: Continuous glucose monitoring: roadmap for 21st century diabetes therapy. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1231-1239.