Table of Contents

Diabetic Nephropathy: General

Diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy

Factors Which May Lead to Impaired Renal Function in Diabetic Patients

Genetic and racial factors

Microalbuminuria

Hyperfiltration

Hypertension

Improper control of blood glucose

Glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria

Stages of diabetic nephropathy

Microalbuminuric Stage

Nephrotic stage

Azotemic stage

Cardiovascular Disease

End-stage renal disease

Treatment and Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy

Regulation of blood glucose

Low-protein diet

Control of hypertension

Treatment of hyperfiltraton

When does Diabetic Nephropathy become End-stage Kidney Disease?

TREATMENT OF END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE

Dialysis

Kidney Transplantation

Kidney Plus Pancreas Transplantation

OTHER RENAL AND ELECTROLYTE COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

Type iv Renal Tubular Acidosis

RADIOCONTRAST MEDIA ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY