Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

BREAST DEVELOPMENT

HORMONAL REGULATION OF BREAST DEVELOPMENT

ESTROGEN, GH AND IGF-1, PROGESTERONE, & PROLACTIN

ANDROGEN AND AROMATASE

PHYSIOLOGIC GYNECOMASTIA

PATHOLOGIC GYNECOMASTIA

INCREASED ESTROGEN

TUMORS

NON-TUMOR CAUSES OF ESTROGEN EXCESS

INCREASED AROMATASE ACTIVITY

DISPLACEMENT OF ESTROGENS FROM SHBG

DECREASED TESTOSTERONE AND ANDROGEN RESISTANCE

OTHER DISEASES

DRUGS

MALE BREAST CANCER

PATIENT EVALUATION

HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

LABORATORY EVALUATION

TREATMENT

MEDICAL TREATMENT

SURGICAL TREATMENT

PREVENTION OF GYNECOMASTIA IN MEN WITH PROSTATE CANCER

SUMMARY