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	INTRODUCTION
	PHYSIOLOGY
	Estrogen biosynthesis and actions
	Distribution of ERs and aromatase in the male reproductive system
	Role of estrogens in male reproduction
	EFFECTS OF EXCESS ESTROGEN OR ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY ON MALE REPRODUCTION
	Exposure to excess estrogens in animals
	Exposure to excess estrogens in humans
	Estrogen deficiency: animal models
	Estrogen deficiency: human models
	ESTROGEN AND MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
	Gender-identity and sexual orientation
	Sexual behavior
	CONCLUSIONS