1.Presti JC Jr. Neoplasms of the prostate gland. In: Tanagho EA, McAninch JW, eds. Smith's general urology, 15th edition. New York, USA: Lange Medical Books; 2000:399-421.
2.Hayward SW, Rosen MA, Cunha GR. Stromal-epithelial interactions in the normal and neoplastic prostate. Br J Urol. 1997;79(Suppl. 2):18-26.
3.Ball EMA, Risbridger GP. New perspectives on growth factor-sex steroid interaction in the prostate. Cytokine Growth Factor Review. 2003;14:5-16.
4.Cuntha GR, Alarid ET, Turner T, et al. Normal and abnormal development of the male urogenital tract. Role of androgens, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and growth factors. J Androl. 1992;13:465-475
5.Delmas V, Dauge MC. Embryology of the prostate- current state of knowledge. In: Khoury S CC, Murphy G, Denis L, ed. Prostate cancer in questions. Edinburgh, UK: ICI publications; 1991:16-17.
6.Moore KL. The developing human. Philadelphia, USA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1988.
7.McNeal JE. The zonal anatomy of the prostate. Prostate. 1981;2::35-49.
8.Berry SW, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, et al. The development of human benign prostate hyperplasia with age. J Urol. 1984;132:474-479.
9.McNeal JE. Normal and pathologic anatomy of the prostate. Urology. 1981;17 (suppl):11-16.
10.Algaba F. Lobar division of the prostate. In: Khoury S CC, Murphy G, Denis L, ed. Prostate cancer in questions. Edinburgh, UK: ICI publications; 1991:16-17.
11.Kiyoshima K, Yokomizo A, Yoshida T, Tomita K, Yonemasu H, Nakamura M, Oda Y, Naito S, Hasegawa Y. Anatomical features of periprostatic tissue and its surroundings: A histological analysis of 79 radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34:463-468
12.Ali M, Johnson IP, Hobson J, Mohammadi B, Khan F. Anatomy of the pelvic plexus and innervation of the prostate gland. Clin Anat. 2004;17:123-129
13.Benoit G, Merlaud L, Meduri G, Moukarzel M, Quillard J, Ledroux M, Giuliano F, Jardin A. Anatomy of the prostatic nerves. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994;16:23-29
14.Powell MS, Li R, Dai H, Sayeeduddin M, Wheeler TM, Ayala GE. Neuroanatomy of the normal prostate. Prostate. 2005;65:52-57
15.Walsh PC. Radical retropubic prostatectomy with reduced morbidity: An anatomic approach. NCI Monogr. 1988:133-137
16.Walsh PC, Quinlan DM, Morton RA, Steiner MS. Radical retropubic prostatectomy. Improved anastomosis and urinary continence. Urol Clin North Am. 1990;17:679-684
17.Walsh PC, Lepor H, Eggleston JC. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: Anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate. 1983;4:473-485
18.Eichelberg C, Erbersdobler A, Michl U, Schlomm T, Salomon G, Graefen M, Huland H. Nerve distribution along the prostatic capsule. Eur Urol. 2006
19.Kourambas J, Angus DG, Hosking P, Chou ST. A histological study of denonvilliers' fascia and its relationship to the neurovascular bundle. Br J Urol. 1998;82:408-410
20.Syme DB, Corcoran NM, Bouchier-Hayes DM, Costello AJ. Hope springs eternal: Cavernosal nerve regeneration. BJU Int. 2006;97:17-21
21.Epstein JL. Non-neoplastic diseases of the prostate. In: Bostwick DG EJUSP, 1st Edition, ed. St louis, USA. Mosby-Year Book Inc: 307-340; 1997.
22.Warhol MJ, Longtine JA. The ultrastructural localization of prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates. J Urol. 1985;134:607-613
23.Di Sant'Agnese PA. Neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostatic carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 1992;23:287-296
24.Donkervoort T, Sterling A, van Ness J, Donker PJ. A clinical and urodynamic study of tadenan in the treatment of benign prostatic
hypertrophy. Eur Urol. 1977;3:218-225
25.Brawer MK, Kirby R. Prostate specific antigen, 2nd edn. Oxford, UK: Health Press Limited; 1999.
26.Partin AW, Rodriguez R. The molecular biology, endocrinology, and physiology of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In: Walsh PC, ed. Campbell's urology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002:1237-1296.
27.Ganong W. Review of medical physiology. Stamford: Appleton and Lange; 1997.
28.Eaton CL. Aetiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Opin Urol. 2003;13:7-10
29.Luo J, Dunn T, Ewing C, et al. Gene expression signature of benign prostatic hyperplasia revealed by cdna microarray analysis. Prostate. 2002;51:189-200.
30.Suzuki K, Obara K, Kobayashi K, Yamana K, Bilim V, Itoi T, Takahashi K. Role of connective tissue growth factor in fibronectin synthesis in cultured human prostate stromal cells. Urology. 2006;67:647-653
31.Marengo SR, Chung LW. An orthotopic model for the study of growth factors in the ventral prostate of the rat: Effects of epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. J Androl. 1994;15:277-286
32.Cooke PS, Young P, Cunha GR. Androgn receptor expression in developing male reproductive organs. Endocrinology. 1991;128:2867-2873
33.Gao J, Arnold JT, Isaacs JT. Conversion from a paracrine to an autocrine mechanism of androgen-stimulated growth during malignant transformation of prostatic epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61:5038-5044
34.Bartsch G, Rittmaster RS, Klocker H. Dihydrotestosterone and the concept of 5alpha-reductase inhibition in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol. 2002;19:413-425
35.Wright AS, Douglas RC, Thomas LN, et al. Androgen-induced regrowth in the castrated rat ventral prostate: Role of 5alpha-reductase. Endocrinology. 1999;140:4509-4515.
36.Grino PB, Griffin JE, Wilson JD. Testosterone at high concentrations interacts with the human androgen receptor similarly to dihydrotestosterone. Endocrinology. 1990;126:1165-1172.
37.Wright AS, Thomas LN, Douglas RC, et al. Relative potency of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in preventing atrophy and apoptosis in the prostate of the castrated rat. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:2558-2563.
38.Page ST, Lin DW, Mostaghel EA, Hess DL, True LD, Amory JK, Nelson PS, Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ. Persistent intraprostatic androgen concentrations after medical castration in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3850-3856
39.Forti G, Salerno R, Moneti G, Zoppi S, Fiorelli G, Marinoni T, Natali A, Costantini A, Serio M, Martini L, et al. Three-month treatment with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: Effects on tissue androgen concentration, 5 alpha-reductase activity and androgen receptor content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:461-468
40.Barrack ER, Berry SJ. DNA synthesis in the canine prostate; effects of androgen induction and estrogen treatment. Prostate. 1987;10:45-56.
41.Gooren LJ, Toorians AW. Significance of oestrogens in male (patho)physiology. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2003;64:126-135
42.Risbridger GP, Bianco JJ, Ellem SJ, McPherson SJ. International congress on hormonal steroids and hormones and cancer: Oestrogens and prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2003;10:187-191
43.Tsurusaki T, Aoki D, Kanetake H, Inoue S, Muramatsu M, Hishikawa Y, Koji T. Zone-dependent expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1333-1340
44.Steiner MS, Raghow S. Antiestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators reduce prostate cancer risk. World J Urol. 2003;21:31-36
45.Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, D'Costa MA, Jackson CJ, Vidgen E, Singer W, Silverman JA, Koumbridis G, Honey J, Rao AV, Fleshner N, Klotz L. Soy consumption and phytoestrogens: Effect on serum prostate specific antigen when blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are reduced in hyperlipidemic men. J Urol. 2003;169:507-511
46.Shibata K, Hirasawa A, Moriyma N, et al. Alpha1a-adrenoceptor polymorphism: Pharmacological characterization and association with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Br J Pharm. 1996;118:1403-1408.
47.Ekman P. The prostate as an endocrine organ: Androgens and estrogens. Prostate Suppl. 2000;10:14-18
48.Verhamme KM, Dieleman JP, Bleumink GS, van der Lei J, Sturkenboom MC, Artibani W, Begaud B, Berges R, Borkowski A, Chappel CR, Costello A, Dobronski P, Farmer RD, Jimenez Cruz F, Jonas U, MacRae K, Pientka L, Rutten FF, van Schayck CP, Speakman MJ, Tiellac P, Tubaro A, Vallencien G, Vela Navarrete R. Incidence and prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in primary care--the triumph project. Eur Urol. 2002;42:323-328
49.Jacobsen SJ, Jacobson DJ, Girman CJ, Roberts RO, Rhodes T, Guess HA, Lieber MM. Treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia among community dwelling men: The olmsted county study of urinary symptoms and health status. J Urol. 1999;162:1301-1306
50.Marberger MJ, Andersen JT, Nickel JC, Malice MP, Gabriel M, Pappas F, Meehan A, Stoner E, Waldstreicher J. Prostate volume and serum prostate-specific antigen as predictors of acute urinary retention. Combined experience from three large multinational placebo-controlled trials. Eur Urol. 2000;38:563-568
51.Clifford GM, Logie J, Farmer RD. How do symptoms indicative of bph progress in real life practice? The uk experience. Eur Urol. 2000;38 Suppl 1:48-53
52.Lowe FC. Goals for benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy. Urology. 2002;59:1-2
53.Moore RA. Benign prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma of the prostate. Occurrence and experimental production in animals. Surgery. 1944;16:152-167.
54.Sanda MG, Beaty TH, Strutzman RE, et al. Genetic susceptibility of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 1994;152:115-119.
55.Sanda MG, Beaty TH, Stutzman RE, Childs B, Walsh PC. Genetic susceptibility of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 1994;152:115-119
56.Sidney S, Quesenberry CP, Jr., Sadler MC, Guess HA, Lydick EG, Cattolica EV. Incidence of surgically treated benign prostatic hypertrophy and of prostate cancer among blacks and whites in a prepaid health care plan. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:825-829
57.Choi J, Ikeguchi EF, Lee SW, Choi HY, Te AE, Kaplan SA. Is the higher prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia related to lower urinary tract symptoms in korean men due to a high transition zone index? Eur Urol. 2002;42:7-11
58.Geller J, Sionit L, Partido C, Li L, Tan X, Youngkin T, Nachtsheim D, Hoffman RM. Genistein inhibits the growth of human-patient bph and prostate cancer in histoculture. Prostate. 1998;34:75-79
59.Chyou PH, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Hankin JH. A prospective study of alcohol, diet, and other lifestyle factors in relation to obstructive uropathy. Prostate. 1993;22:253-264
60.Isaacs JT, Coffey DS. Etiology and disease process of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Prostate Supplement. 1989;2:33-50.
61.McNeal JE. Origin and evaluation of benign prostatic enlargement. Invest Urol. 1978;15:340-345.
62.Caine M. The present role of alpha-adrenergic blockers in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol. 1986;136:1-4
63.Akduman B, Crawford ED. Terazosin, doxazosin, and prazosin: Current clinical experience. Urology. 2001;58:49-54
64.Rhodes T, Girman CJ, Jacobsen SJ, Roberts RO, Guess HA, Lieber MM. Longitudinal prostate growth rates during 5 years in randomly selected community men 40 to 79 years old. J Urol. 1999;161:1174-1179
65.Fitzpatrick JM. The natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2006;97 Suppl 2:3-6; discussion 21-22
66.Lepor H, Williford WO, Barry MJ, Haakenson C, Jones K. The impact of medical therapy on bother due to symptoms, quality of life and global outcome, and factors predicting response. Veterans affairs cooperative studies benign prostatic hyperplasia study group. J Urol. 1998;160:1358-1367
67.Wessells H, Roy J, Bannow J, Grayhack J, Matsumoto AM, Tenover L, Herlihy R, Fitch W, Labasky R, Auerbach S, Parra R, Rajfer J, Culbertson J, Lee M, Bach MA, Waldstreicher J. Incidence and severity of sexual adverse experiences in finasteride and placebo-treated men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2003;61:579-584
68.Bruskewitz R, Girman CJ, Fowler J, Rigby OF, Sullivan M, Bracken RB, Fusilier HA, Kozlowski D, Kantor SD, Johnson EL, Wang DZ, Waldstreicher J. Effect of finasteride on bother and other health-related quality of life aspects associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Pless study group. Proscar long-term efficacy and safety study. Urology. 1999;54:670-678
69.Isaacs JT, Coffey DS. Etiology and disease process of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Suppl. 1989;2:33-50
70.Bosch RJ. Pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 1991;20 Suppl 1:27-30
71.Sciarra A, Di Silverio F, Salciccia S, Autran Gomez AM, Gentilucci A, Gentile V. Inflammation and chronic prostatic diseases: Evidence for a link? Eur Urol. 2007
72.Peters TJ, Donovan JL, Kay HE, et al. The international continence society 'benign prostatic hyperplasia study': The bothersomeness of urinary symptoms. J Urol. 1997;157:885-889
73.Scarpa RM. Lower urinary tract symptoms (luts): What are the implications for the patients? Eur Urol. 2001;40(Suppl. 4):12-20.
74.Garraway WM, Collins GN, Lee RJ. High prevalence of benign prostatic hypertrophy in the community. Lancet. 1991;338:469-471.
75.Bates P, Bradley WE, Glen E, Melchior H, Rowan D, Sterling A, Hald T. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Eur Urol. 1976;2:274-276
76.Lepor H. Alpha1-adrenoceptor selectivity: Clinical or theoretical benefit? Br J Urol. 1995;76 (Suppl. 1):57-61.
77.Welch G, Kawachi I, Barry MJ, et al. Distinction between symptoms of voiding and filling in benign prostatic hyperplasia: Findings from health professionals follow-up study. Urology. 1998;1998
78.Abrams P. New words for old: Lower urinary tract symptoms for 'prostatism'. BMJ. 1994;308:929-930.
79.Puppo P. Do we know everything about alpha-blockade in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms? Eur Urol. 2001;39 Suppl 2:38-41
80.Price D. Potential mechanisms of action of superselective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists. Eur Urol. 2002;40(Suppl. 1):5-11.
81.Michel MC. Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract symptoms. Drugs of Today. 2001;37 (Suppl.D):7-11
82.Van Moorselaar R, Emberton M, Harving N, Matzkin H, Hartung R, Alcaraz A, Elhilali M, Vallancien G, group A-os. Alfuzosin 10mg once daily improves sexual function in men with luts and concomitant sexual dysfunction. J Urol. 2003;169 (Suppl 4):478
83.Kassabian VS. Sexual function in patients treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet. 2003;361:60-62
84.Leliefeld HH, Stoevelaar HJ, McDonnell J. Sexual function before and after various treatments for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2002;89:208-213
85.Jacobsen SJ, Jacobsen DJ, Girman CJ, et al. Natural history of prostatism: Risk factors for acute urinary retention. J Urol. 1997;158:481-487.
86.Douenias R, Rich M, Badlani M, et al. Predisposing factors in bladder calculi: A review of 100 cases. Urology. 1991;37:240-243.
87.McConnell JD. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 1994;152:459-460.
88.Westenberg A, Harper M, Zafirakis H, et al. Bladder and renal stones: Management and treatment. Hospital Medicine. 2002;63:34-41.
89.Mebust WK, Holtgrewe HL, Cockett ATK, et al. Transurethral prostatectomy: Immediate and postoperative complications. A cooperative study of 13 partcipating institutions evaluating 3885 patients. J Urol. 1989;141:243-247.
90.O'Connor RC, Laven BA, Bales GT, et al. Nonsurgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with bladder calculi. Urology. 2002;60:288-291
91.Marshall S, Narayan P. Treatment of prostatic bleeding: Suppression of angiogenesis by androgen deprivation. J Urol. 1993;149:1553.
92.Foley SJ, Bailey DM. Microvessel disease in prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2000;85:70-73.
93.Kashif KM, Foley SJ, Basketter V, Holmes SA. Haematuria associated with bph-natural history and a new treatment option. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 1998;1:154-156
94.Saez C, Cgonzalez-Baena AC, Japon MA, et al. Regressive changes in finasteride-treated human hyperplastic prostate correlate with an upregulation of tgf-beta receptor expression. Prostate. 1998;37:84-90.
95.Monti S, Sciarra F, Adaqmo EV, et al. Prevalent decrease in the egf content in the periurethral zone of bph. J Am. 1997;18:488-494.
96.Jepsen JV, Bruskewitz RC. Clinical manifestations and indications for treatment. In: Lepor H, ed. Prostatic diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000:127-142.
97.Andersson K-E. Pharmacology of lower urinary tract smooth muscles and penile erectile tissues. Pharmacol Rev. 1993;45:253-308.
98.Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, Jr., O'Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, Cockett AT. The american urological association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The measurement committee of the american urological association. J Urol. 1992;148:1549-1557; discussion 1564
99.Kakizaki H, Koyanagi T. Current view and status of lower urinary tract symptoms and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. BJU Int. 2000;85(Suppl. 2):25-30
100.Lepor H, Nieder A, Feser J, et al. Effect of terazosin on prostatism in men with normal and abnormal peak urinary flow rates. Urology. 1997;49:476-480
101.Serels S, Stein M. Prospective study comparing hyoscyamine, doxazosin and combination therapy for treatment of urgency and frequency in women. Neurourol Urodynam. 1998;17:31-36.
102.Hampel C, Dolber PC, Savic SL, et al. Changes in a1 adrenergic receptor (ar) subtype gene expression during bladder outlet obstruction of rats (abstract). J Urol. 2000;163:228
103.Stamey TA, Johnstone IM, McNeal JE, Lu AY, Yemoto CM. Preoperative serum prostate specific antigen levels between 2 and 22 ng./ml. Correlate poorly with post-radical prostatectomy cancer morphology: Prostate specific antigen cure rates appear constant between 2 and 9 ng./ml. J Urol. 2002;167:103-111
104.Stamey TA, Caldwell M, McNeal JE, Nolley R, Hemenez M, Downs J. The prostate specific antigen era in the united states is over for prostate cancer: What happened in the last 20 years? J Urol. 2004;172:1297-1301
105.Prestigiacomo AF, Stamey TA. Clinical usefulness of free and complexed psa. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1995;221:32-34
106.Girman CJ, Epstein RS, Jacobsen SJ, Guess HA, Panser LA, Oesterling JE, Lieber MM. Natural history of prostatism: Impact of urinary symptoms on quality of life in 2115 randomly selected community men. Urology. 1994;44:825-831
107.Chartier-Kastler E, Chapple CR. Luts/bph in clinical practice: The importance of nocturia and quality of sleep. BJU Int. 2006;98 Suppl 2:3-8
108.Haltbakk J, Hanestad BR, Hunskaar S. How important are men's lower urinary tract symptoms (luts) and their impact on the quality of life (qol)? Qual Life Res. 2005;14:1733-1741
109.de Kretser DM, Cock M, Holden C. The men in australia telephone survey (mates) - lessons for all. Med J Aust. 2006;185:412-413
110.Holden CA, Jolley DJ, McLachlan RI, Pitts M, Cumming R, Wittert G, Handelsman DJ, de Kretser DM. Men in australia telephone survey (mates): Predictors of men's help-seeking behaviour for reproductive health disorders. Med J Aust. 2006;185:418-422
111.Tubaro A, Trucchi A, Miano L. Investigation of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Current Opinion in Urology. 2003;13:17-22.
112.de la Rosette JJ, Alivizatos G, Madersbacher S, Perachino M, Thomas D, Desgrandchamps F, de Wildt M. Eau guidelines on benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph). Eur Urol. 2001;40:256-263; discussion 264
113.Roehrborn CG, Bartsch G, Kirby R, Andriole G, Boyle P, de la Rosette J, Perrin P, Ramsey E, Nordling J, De Campos Freire G, Arap S. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A comparative, international overview. Urology. 2001;58:642-650
114.Recommendations of the International Science Committee. The evaluation and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. Paris: Proceedings of the 4th International Consultation on BPH; 1997.
115.Chai TC, Belville WD, McGuire EJ, et al. Urological association voiding symptom index: Comparison of unselected and selected samples of both sexes. J Urol. 1993;150.
116.Lepor H, Machi G. Comparison of aua symptom index in unselected males and females between fifty-five and seventy-nine years of age. Urology. 1993;42.:36-40
117.Barry MJ. Evaluation of symptoms and quality of life in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2001;58:25-32
118.Yalla SV, Sullivan MP, Lecamwasam HS, DuBeau CE, Vickers MA, Cravalho EG. Correlation of american urological association symptom index with obstructive and nonobstructive prostatism. J Urol. 1995;153:674-679; discussion 679-680
119.Jensen KM, Jorgensen TB, Mogensen P. Long-term predictive role of urodynamics: An 8-year follow-up of prostatic surgery for lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Urol. 1996;78:213-218
120.Roehrborn CG, Sech S, Montoya J, Rhodes T, Girman CJ. Interexaminer reliability and validity of a three-dimensional model to assess prostate volume by digital rectal examination
is there a place for combination medical therapy? Urology. 2001;57:1087-1092
121.Souverein PC, Erkens JA, de la Rosette JJ, Leufkens HG, Herings RM. Drug treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and hospital admission for bph-related surgery. Eur Urol. 2003;43:528-534
122.Lobel B, Rodriguez A. Chronic prostatitis: What we know, what we do not know, and what we should do! World J Urol. 2003;21:57-63
123.Society AfGM-MSSaMSftSoVD-DS. 2002 national guideline for the management of prostatitis. 2002
124.Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Jr., Nickel JC. Nih consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. Jama. 1999;282:236-237
125.Boyle P, Gould AL, Roehrborn CG. Prostate volume predicts outcome of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with finasteride: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Urology. 1996;48:398-405
126.Rovner ES, Wein AJ. Practical urodynamics, part 1. AUA Update Series. 2002;21:146-151
127.Feneley MR, Dunsmuir WD, Pearce J, Kirby RS. Reproducibility of uroflow measurement: Experience during a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of doxazosin in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 1996;47:658-663
128.van Verooij GEPM, Eckhardt MD, Gisolf KWH, et al. Data from frequency-volume charts versus filling cystometric estimated capacities and prevalence of instability in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;10:106-111
129.Hakenberg OW, Pinnock CB, Marshall VR. Preoperative urodynamic and symptom evaluation of patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy: Analysis of variables relevant for outcome. BJU Int. 2003;91:375-379
130.Chen SS, Hong JG, Hsiao YJ, et al. The correlation between clinical outcome and residual prostatic weight ratio after transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2000;85:79-82.
131.Eri LM, Thomassen H, Brennhovd B, Haheim LL. Accuracy and repeatability of prostate volume measurements by transrectal ultrasound. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2002;5:273-278
132.Mariappan P, Brown DJ, McNeill AS. Intravesical prostatic protrusion is better than prostate volume in predicting the outcome of trial without catheter in white men presenting with acute urinary retention: A prospective clinical study. J Urol. 2007;178:573-577; discussion 577
133.Eastham JA. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2005;2:482-491
134.Leach FS, Koh MS, Chan YW, Bark S, Ray R, Morton RA, Remaley AT. Prostate specific antigen as a clinical biomarker for prostate cancer: What's the take home message? Cancer Biol Ther. 2005;4:371-375
135.Pinsky PF, Kramer BS, Crawford ED, Grubb RL, Urban DA, Andriole GL, Chia D, Levin DL, Gohagan JK. Prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen levels in men enrolled in a large screening trial. Urology. 2006;68:352-356
136.Bartsch G, Fitzpatrick JM, Schalken JA, Isaacs J, Nordling J, Roehrborn CG. Consensus statement: The role of prostate-specific antigen in managing the patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2004;93 Suppl 1:27-29
137.Eri LM, Tveter KJ. Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A pharmacoeconomic perspective. Drugs Aging. 1997;10:107-118
138.MacDonald R, Ishani A, Rutks I, Wilt T J. A systematic review of cernilton for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2000;85:836-841
139.Fitzpatrick JM. Psa measurement in the treatment of bph. BJU Int. 2004;93 Suppl 1:2-4
140.Trachtenberg J. Treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in relation to the patient's risk profile for progression. BJU Int. 2005;95 Suppl 4:6-11
141.Burke JP, Rhodes T, Jacobson DJ, McGree ME, Roberts RO, Girman CJ, Lieber MM, Jacobsen SJ. Association of anthropometric measures with the presence and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:41-46
142.Boyle P. Some remarks on the epidemiology of acute urinary retention. Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl. 1998;70:77-82
143.Glynn RJ, Campion EW, Bouchard GR, Silbert JE. The development of benign prostatic hyperplasia among volunteers in the normative aging study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:78-90
144.Sullivan M, Bell R, Reynard J, Keoghane S. How to pass the frcs(urol) - part 2. Urology Today. 2005;10
145.Wilt TJ, Ishani A, MacDonald R, et al. Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review. JAMA. 1998;280:1604-1609.
146.Lowe FC, et al. Phytotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: An update. Urology. 1999;53:671-678
147.Foley, Charlotte L, Kirby J, et al. 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors: What's new? Current Opinion in Urology. 2003;13:31-37.
148.Gerber GS. Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Current Urology Reports. 2002;3:285-291.
149.Fagelman E, Lowe FC. Herbal medications in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph). Urol Clin North Am. 2002;29:23-29, vii
150.Dreikorn K. The role of phytotherapy in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol. 2002;19:426-435.
151.Dreikorn K. Other medical therapies. Proceedings of the fourth international consultation on benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph). In: Paris, ed. Paris: July: 2-5; 1997.
152.Lowe FC, Dreikorn K, A B, et al. Review of recent placebo controlled trials utlizing phytotherapeutic agents for treatment of bph. Prostate. 1998;37:187-193.
153.Delos S, Lehle C, Martin PM. Inhibition of the activity of basic 5-alpha reductase (type 1) detected in du 145 cells and expressed in insect cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994;48:347-352
154.Bayne CW, Grant ES, Chapman K. Characterisation of a new coculture model for bph which expresses 5-alpha reductase types 1 and 2: The effects of permixon on dht formation [abstract]. J Urol. 1997;157(Suppl 4):755.
155.Carilla E, Briley M, Fauran F. Binding of permixon, a new treatment for prostatic benign hyperplasia, to the cytosolic androgen receptor in the rat prostate. J Steroid Biochem. 1984;20:521-523
156.Sultan C, Terraza A, Devillier C. Inhibition of androgen metabolism and binding by liposterolic extract of 'serenoa repens b' in human foreskin fibroblasts. J Steroid Biochem. 1984;20:515-519
157.Carraro JC, JP R, Koch G. Comparison of phytotherapy (permixon) with finasteride in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia: A randomized international study of 1098 patients. Prostate. 1996;29:231-240.
158.Braeckman J. The extract of serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A multicenter open study. 1994;55:776-785
159.Marks LS, Partin AP, Epstein JL. Effects of a saw palmetto herbal blend in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2000;163:1451-1456
160.Boyle P, C R, Lowe F, Roehrborn C. Meta-analysis of permixon in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: An update (abstract). J Urol. 2003;169 (Suppl 4):334-335
161.Hruby S, Djavan B, Reissigl A, Chaudr A, Alavi S, Anagnostou T, Bagheri F, Harik M, Remzi M, Marberger M. Progression delay in men with mild symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction: A prospective comparative study of phytotherapy, watchful waiting, and placebo (abstract). J Urol. 2003;169 (Suppl 4):332
162.Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology. 2001;58:960-964; discussion 964-965
163.Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, Avins AL. Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:557-566
164.Boyle P, Robertson C, Lowe F, Roehrborn C. Updated meta-analysis of clinical trials of serenoa repens extract in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2004;93:751-756
165.Debruyne FM. Medical management of bph: The debate continues. Eur Urol. 2006;50:416-417
166.Carbin BE, Larsson B, Lindahl O. Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with phytosterols. Br J Urol. 1990;66:639-641.
167.Fagelman E, Lowe FC. Herbal medications in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph). Urol Clin North Am. 2002;29:23-29, vii
168.Caine M. The present role of alpha-adrenergic blockers in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol. 1986;136:1-4
169.Foley CL, Kirby J. 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors: What's new? Current Opinion in Urology. 2003;13:31-37.
170.Zaida A, Rosenblum M, Crawford ED. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: An overview. Urology. 1999;53:1-6
171.Oesterling JE. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Medical and minimally invasive treatment options. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:99-109.
172.Kobayashi S, Tang R, Shapiro E, et al. Characterisation of human alpha1 adrenoceptor using radioligand receptor binding on slide-mounted tissue section. J Urol. 1993;150:2002-2006.
173.Caine M, Perlberg S, Meretyk S. A placebo controlled double blind study of the effect of phenoxybenzamine in benign prostatic obstruction. Br J Urol. 1978; 50:551-554.
174.Foglar R, Shibata K, Horie K, et al. Use of recombinant alpha1-adrenoceptors to characterise subtype selectivity of drugs for the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1995;288:201-207.
175.Roehrborn CG. Efficacy and safety of once-daily alfuzosin in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms and clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2001;58:953-959
176.Michel MC, Flannery MT, Narayan P. Worldwide experience with alfuzosin and tamsulosin. Urology. 2001;58:508-516
177.Boyle P, Robertson C, Manski R, Padley RJ, Roehrborn CG. Meta-analysis of randomized trials of terazosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2001;58:717-722
178.Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Nelson D. Tamsulosin for treating lower urinary tract symptoms compatible with benign prostatic obstruction: A systematic review of efficacy and adverse effects. J Urol. 2002;167:177-183
179.Kirby RS, Roehrborn C, Boyle P, Bartsch G, Jardin A, Cary MM, Sweeney M, Grossman EB. Efficacy and tolerability of doxazosin and finasteride, alone or in combination, in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: The prospective european doxazosin and combination therapy (predict) trial. Urology. 2003;61:119-126
180.Gillenwater JY, Conn RL, Chrysant SG, Roy J, Gaffney M, Ice K, Dias N. Doxazosin for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response multicenter study. J Urol. 1995;154:110-115
181.Ishizuka O, Nishizawa O, Hirao Y, Ohshima S. Evidence-based meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy for benign prostatic hypertrophy. Int J Urol. 2002;9:607-612
182.Djavan B, Marberger M. A meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol. 1999;36:1-13
183.Norman RW, Coakes KE, Wright AS, et al. Androgen metabolism in men receiving finasteride before prostatectomy. J Urol. 1993;150:1736-1739
184.Russell DW, Wilson JD. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: Two genes/two enzymes. Annu rev Biochem. 1994;63:25-61
185.Thigpen AE, Silver RI, Guileyardo JM, et al. Tissue distribution and ontogeny of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isoenzyme expression. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:903-910
186.Aumuller G, Eicheler W, Renneberg H, et al. Immunocytochemical evidence for differential subcellular localization of 5 alpha-reductase isoenzymes in human tissues. Acta Anat. 1996;156:241-252
187.Coptcoat MJ. The management of advanced prostate cancer, 1st edition. Oxford UK: Blackwell Science Ltd; 1996.
188.Dolder CR. Dutasteride: A dual 5-alpha reductase inhibitor for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:658-665
189.Zimmern P. Medical treatment modalities for lower urinary tract symptoms: What are the relevant differences in randomised controlled trials? Eur Urol. 2000;38 Suppl 1:18-24
190.Roehrborn CG. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of finasteride. Urology. 1998;51:46-49
191.Stoner E, and the Finasteride Study Group. Three-year safety and efficacy data on the use of finasteride in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 1994; 43:284-294.
192.Strauch G, Perles P, Vergult G. Comparison of finasteride (proscar) and serenoa repens (permixon) in the inhibition of 5-alpha reductase in healthy male volunteers. Eur Urol. 1994;26:247-252
193.Marks LS, Roehrborn CG, Wolford E, Wilson TH. The effect of dutasteride on the peripheral and transition zones of the prostate and the value of the transition zone index in predicting treatment response. J Urol. 2007;177:1408-1413
194.Boyle P, Roehrborn C, Harkaway R, Logie J, De La Rosette J, Emberton M. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors provide superior benefits to alpha blockers by preventing aur and surgery (abstract). J Urol. 2003;169 (Suppl 4):479
195.Kaplan SA. 5alpha-reductase inhibitors: What role should they play? Urology. 2001;58:65-70; discussion 70
196.Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Ford LG, Lieber MM, Cespedes RD, Atkins JN, Lippman SM, Carlin SM, Ryan A, Szczepanek CM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA, Jr. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003
197.Akdunian B, Crawford E.D. The pcpt: New findings, new insights, and clinical implications for the prevention of prostate cancer. European Urology Supplements. 2006;5:634-639
198.Albertsen PC, Pellissier JM, Lowe FC, Girman CJ, Roehrborn CG. Economic analysis of finasteride: A model-based approach using data from the proscar long-term efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther. 1999;21:1006-1024
199.Sarma AV, Jacobson DJ, McGree ME, Roberts RO, Lieber MM, Jacobsen SJ. A population based study of incidence and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia among residents of olmsted county, minnesota: 1987 to 1997. J Urol. 2005;173:2048-2053
200.Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD, Kreder KJ, Lieber ML, Jacobs SC, Slawin KM, Bautista OM, Burrows PK, Nyberg LM, Kusek JW. Baseline symptoms, uroflow, and post-void residual urine as predictors of bph clinical progression in the medically treated arms of the mtops trial (abstract). J Urol. 2003;169 (Suppl 4):332h
201.McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Slawin KM, Lieber MM, Smith JA, Kaplan SA, Bautista O, Burrows PK, Nyberg LM, Kusek JW. Baseline measures predict the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia clinicalprogression in placebo-treated patients (abstract). J Urol. 2003;169 (Suppl 4):332
202.Kaplan S, Garvin D, Gilhooly P, Koppel M, Labasky R, Milsten R, Reddy P, Rosenberg S, Sussman D, White C, Lee M, Pappas F, Waldstreicher J. Impact of baseline symptom severity on future risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia-related outcomes and long-term response to finasteride. The pless study group. Urology. 2000;56:610-616
203.Hutchison A, Farmer R, Verhamme K, Berges R, Navarrete RV. The efficacy of drugs for the treatment of luts/bph, a study in 6 european countries. Eur Urol. 2006
204.Han M, Alfert H, J.,, Partin AW. Retropubic and suprapubic open prostatectomy. In: Walsh PC, ed. Campbell's urology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002:1423-1434.
205.Lu-Yao GL, Barry MJ, Chang CH, et al. Transurethral resection of the prostate among medicare beneficiaries in the united states: Time trends and outcomes. Prostate patient outcomes research team (port). Urology. 1994;44:692-696
206.Blute M, Ackerman SJ, Rein AL, Beusterien K, Sullivan EM, Tanio CP, Strauss MJ, Manyak MJ. Cost effectiveness of microwave thermotherapy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: Part ii--results. Urology. 2000;56:981-987
207.Wasson JH, Reda DJ, Bruskewitz RC, Elinson J, Keller AM, Henderson WG. A comparison of transurethral surgery with watchful waiting for moderate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The veterans affairs cooperative study group on transurethral resection of the prostate. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:75-79
208.Ogiste JS, Cooper K, Kaplan SA. Are stents still a useful therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia? Curr Opin Urol. 2003;13:51-57
209.Fitzpatrick JM, Mebust WK. Minimally invasive and endoscopic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Walsh PC, ed. Campbell's urology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002:1379-1422.
210.Parsons CI. Impotence following transurethral resection of the prostate. In: Raifer J, ed. Common problems in infertility and impotence. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1990.
211.Jepsen J, Bruskewitz R. Recent developments in the surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 1998;51(Suppl. 4A):23-31.
212.Serretta V, Morgia G, Fondacaro L, Curto G, Lo bianco A, Pirritano D, Melloni D, Orestano F, Motta M, Pavone-Macaluso M. Open prostatectomy for benign prostatic enlargement in southern europe in the late 1990s: A contemporary series of 1800 interventions. Urology. 2002;60:623-627
213.Gacci M, Bartoletti R, Figlioli S, Sarti E, Eisner B, Boddi V, Rizzo M. Urinary symptoms, quality of life and sexual function in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy before and after prostatectomy: A prospective study. BJU Int. 2003;91:196-200
214.Tubaro A, Vicentini C, Renzetti R, Miano L. Invasive and minimally invasive treatment modalities for lower urinary tract symptoms: What are the relevant differences in randomised controlled trials? Eur Urol. 2000;38 Suppl 1:7-17
215.Aho TF, Gilling PJ. Laser therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: A review of recent developments. Current Opinion in Urology. 2003;1:39-44.
216.AUA Practice Guidelines Committee. The american urological association 2003 guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003). Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol. 2003;170:530-547
217.Elzayat EA, Elhilali MM. Laser treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol. 2006;24:410-417
218.Kim SC, Matlaga BR, Kuo RL, Watkins SL, Kennett KM, Gilling PJ, Lingeman JE. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: A comparison of efficiency measures at two institutions. J Endourol. 2005;19:555-558
219.Malek R, Nahen K. Photoselective vaporisation of the prostate: Ktp laser therapy of obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia. AUA Update Series. 2004;23:154-159
220.Bouchier-Hayes DM, Anderson P, Van Appledorn S, Bugeja P, Costello AJ. Ktp laser versus transurethral resection: Early results of a randomized trial. J Endourol. 2006;20:580-585
221.Gilling P, Cass C, Cresswell M, et al. The use of the holmium laser in the treatment of bph. J Endourol. 1996;10:459-461
222.Hoffman RM, MacDonald R, Slaton JW, Wilt TJ. Laser prostatectomy versus transurethral resection for treating benign prostatic obstruction: A systematic review. J Urol. 2003;169:210-215
223.Gilling PJ, Mackey M, Cresswell M, Kennett K, Kabalin JN, Fraundorfer MR. Holmium laser versus transurethral resection of the prostate: A randomized prospective trial with 1-year followup. J Urol. 1999;162:1640-1644
224.Hurle R, Vavassori I, Piccinelli A, Manzetti A, Valenti S, A. V. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate combined with mechanical morcellation in 155 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2002;60:449-453
225.Costello A, Bowsker W, Bolton G, et al. Laser ablation of prostate in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol. 1992;69:603-608
226.Chacko K, Donovan J, Abrams P, et al. Turp or laser therapy for men with acute urinary retention: The clasp randomised trial. J Urol. 2001;166:166-171
227.Kuntz RM. Laser treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol. 2007;25:241-247
228.Naspro R, Salonia A, Cestari A, Guazzoni G, Suardi N, Colombo R, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. A critical analysis of laser prostatectomy in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2005;96:736-739
229.Bostwick DG, Larson TR. Transurethral microwave thermal therapy: Pathologic findings in the canine prostate. Prostate. 1995;26:116-122.
230.Thalmann G N, Mattei A, Treuthardt C, Burkhard FC, Studer UE. Transurethral microwave therapy in 200 patients with a minimum followup of 2 years: Urodynamic and clinical results. J Urol. 2002;167:2496-2501
231.Klingler HC. New innovative therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia: Any advance? Curr Opin Urol. 2003;13:11-15
232.Floratos DL, Kiemeney LA, Rossi C, Kortmann BB, Debruyne FM, de La Rosette JJ. Long-term followup of randomized transurethral microwave thermotherapy versus transurethral prostatic resection study. J Urol. 2001;165:1533-1538
233.Ramsey EW, Dahlstrand C. Durability of results obtained with transurethral microwave thermotherapy in the treatment of men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Endourol. 2000;14:671-675
234.McAllister WJ, Karim O, Plail RO, Samra DR, Steggall MJ, Yang Q, Fowler CG. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate: Is it any better than conventional transurethral resection of the prostate? BJU Int. 2003;91:211-214
235.Traxer O, Anidjar M, Gaudez F, Saporta F, Daudon M, Cortesse A, Desgrandchamps F, Cussenot O, Teillac P, Le Duc A. A new prostatic stent for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in high-risk patients. Eur Urol. 2000;38:272-278
236.Gajewski JB, Chancellor MB, Ackman CF, Appell RA, Bennett J, Binard J, Boone TB, Chetner MP, Crewalk JA, Defalco A, Foote J, Green B, Juma S, Jung SY, Linsenmeyer TA, Macaluso JN, Jr., Macmillan R, Mayo M, Ozawa H, Roehrborn CG, Schmidt J, Shenot PJ, Stone A, Vazquez A, Killorin W, Rivas DA. Removal of urolume endoprosthesis: Experience of the north american study group for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia application. J Urol. 2000;163:773-776
237.Smith CP, Somogyi GT, Boone TB. Botulinum toxin in urology: Evaluation using an evidence-based medicine approach. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2004;1:31-37
238.Patel AK, Chapple CR. Botulinum toxin injection therapy in the management of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2006:1-7
239.Kuo HC. Prostate botulinum a toxin injection--an alternative treatment for benign prostatic obstruction in poor surgical candidates. Urology. 2005;65:670-674
240.Chuang YC, Chiang PH, Yoshimura N, De Miguel F, Chancellor MB. Sustained beneficial effects of intraprostatic botulinum toxin type a on lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2006;98:1033-1037; discussion 1337
241.Chuang YC, Tu CH, Huang CC, Lin HJ, Chiang PH, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB. Intraprostatic injection of botulinum toxin type-a relieves bladder outlet obstruction in human and induces prostate apoptosis in dogs. BMC Urol. 2006;6:12
242.Smith CP, Franks ME, McNeil BK, Ghosh R, de Groat WC, Chancellor MB, Somogyi GT. Effect of botulinum toxin a on the autonomic nervous system of the rat lower urinary tract. J Urol. 2003;169:1896-1900
243.Doggweiler R, Zermann DH, Ishigooka M, Schmidt RA. Botox-induced prostatic involution. Prostate. 1998;37:44-50
244.Antunes AA, Srougi M, Coelho RF, de Campos Freire G. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2007;4:155-160
245.Speakman M. Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction: What is the available evidence for rational management? Eur Urol. 2001;39 (Suppl 3):6-12