1. Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell. 2001 Feb 23;104(4):531-43.

2. Berthoud HR. Multiple neural systems controlling food intake and body weight. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002 Jun;26(4):393-428.

3. Bray GA. Afferent signals regulating food intake. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Aug;59(3):373-84.

4. Havel PJ. Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Dec;226(11):963-77.

5. Beglinger C. Overview. Cholecystokinin and eating. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Apr;3(4):587-8.

6. Coleman DL. Obese and diabetes: two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice. Diabetologia. 1978 Mar;14(3):141-8.

7. Friedman JM. The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutr Rev. 2002 Oct;60(10 Pt 2):S1-14

8. Niswender KD, Schwartz MW. Insulin and leptin revisited: adiposity signals with overlapping physiological and intracellular signaling capabilities. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2003 Jan;24(1):1-10.

9. Berglund MM, Hipskind PA, Gehlert DR. Recent developments in our understanding of the physiological role of PP-fold peptide receptor subtypes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003 Mar;228(3):217-44.

10. Horvath TL, Diano S, Sotonyi P, Heiman M, Tschop M. Minireview: ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance--a hypothalamic perspective. Endocrinology. 2001 Oct;142(10):4163-9.

11. Cummings DE, Shannon MH. Roles for ghrelin in the regulation of appetite and body weight. Arch Surg. 2003 Apr;138(4):389-96.

12. Larsen PJ, Vrang N, Tang-Christensen M, Jensen PB, Hay-Schmidt A, Romer J, Bjerre-Knudsen L, Kristensen P. Ups and downs for neuropeptides in body weight homeostasis: pharmacological potential of cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript and pre-proglucagon-derived peptides. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Apr 12;440(2-3):159-72.

13. Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. Muscle-derived interleukin-6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles. FASEB J. 2002 Sep;16(11):1335-47.

14. Pasquali R, Vicennati V, Gambineri A, Pagotto U. Hormones and pathophysiology of obesity. Eat Weight Disord. 2001 Sep;6(3 Suppl):9-20.

15. Jeanrenaud B, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F. CNS-periphery relationships and body weight homeostasis: influence of the glucocorticoid status. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Jun;24 Suppl 2:S74-6.

16. Kalra SP, Dube MG, Pu S, Xu B, Horvath TL, Kalra PS. Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocr Rev. 1999 Feb;20(1):68-100.

17. Mobbs CV, Kow LM, Yang XJ. Brain glucose-sensing mechanisms: ubiquitous silencing by aglycemia vs. hypothalamic neuroendocrine responses. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;281(4):E649-54.

18. Grill HJ, Kaplan JM. The neuroanatomical axis for control of energy balance. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2002 Jan;23(1):2-40.

19. Lowell BB, Spiegelman BM. Towards a molecular understanding of adaptive thermogenesis. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):652-60.

20. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Barsh GS, Baskin DG, Leibel RL. Is the energy homeostasis system inherently biased toward weight gain? Diabetes. 2003 Feb;52(2):232-8.

21. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):661-71.

22. Cone RD, Cowley MA, Butler AA, Fan W, Marks DL, Low MJ. The arcuate nucleus as a conduit for diverse signals relevant to energy homeostasis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Dec;25 Suppl 5:S63-7.

23. Dhillo WS, Bloom SR. Hypothalamic peptides as drug targets for obesity. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;1(6):651-5.

24. Barsh GS, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S. Genetics of body-weight regulation. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):644-51.

25. Barsh GS, Schwartz MW. Genetic approaches to studying energy balance: perception and integration. Nat Rev Genet. 2002 Aug;3(8):589-600.

26. Crowley VE, Yeo GS, O'Rahilly S. Obesity therapy: altering the energy intake-and-expenditure balance sheet. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002 Apr;1(4):276-86.

27. Cummings DE, Schwartz MW. Genetics and pathophysiology of human obesity. Annu Rev Med. 2003;54:453-71.

28. Elmquist JK. Anatomic basis of leptin action in the hypothalamus. Front Horm Res. 2000;26:21-41.

29. Ahima RS, Osei SY. Molecular regulation of eating behavior: new insights and prospects for therapeutic strategies. Trends Mol Med. 2001 May;7(5):205-13.

30. Butler AA, Cone RD. The melanocortin receptors: lessons from knockout models. Neuropeptides. 2002 Apr-Jun;36(2-3):77-84.

31. Saper CB, Chou TC, Elmquist JK. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron. 2002 Oct 10;36(2):199-211.

32. Yeomans MR, Gray RW. Opioid peptides and the control of human ingestive behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002 Oct;26(6):713-28.

33. Cota D, Marsicano G, Lutz B, Vicennati V, Stalla GK, Pasquali R, Pagotto U. Endogenous cannabinoid system as a modulator of food intake. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Mar;27(3):289-301.

34. Boutin JA, Suply T, Audinot V, Rodriguez M, Beauverger P, Nicolas JP, Galizzi JP, Fauchere JL. Melanin-concentrating hormone and its receptors: state of the art. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 May;80(5):388-95.

35. Mieda M, Yanagisawa M. Sleep, feeding, and neuropeptides: roles of orexins and orexin receptors. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002 Jun;12(3):339-45.

36. Zimanyi IA, Pelleymounter MA. The role of melanocortin peptides and receptors in regulation of energy balance. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(8):627-41.

37. Richard D, Lin Q, Timofeeva E. The corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides and CRF receptors: their roles in the regulation of energy balance. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Apr 12;440(2-3):189-97.

38. Kitabgi P. Targeting neurotensin receptors with agonists and antagonists for therapeutic purposes. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2002 Sep;5(5):764-76

39. Meier JJ, Gallwitz B, Schmidt WE, Nauck MA. Glucagon-like peptide 1 as a regulator of food intake and body weight: therapeutic perspectives. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Apr 12;440(2-3):269-79.

40. Cowley MA, Smith RG, Diano S, Tschöp M, Pronchuk N, Grove KL, Strasburger CJ, Bidlingmaier M, Esterman M, Heiman ML, Garcia-Segura LM, Nillni EA, Mendez P, Low MJ, Sotonyi P, Friedman JM, Liu H, Pinto S, Colmers WF, Cone RD, Horvath TL. The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis. Neuron. 2003 Feb 20;37(4):649-61.