1. Nimkarn S, New MI 2006 Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Horm Res 67:53-60

2. Pang SY, Wallace MA, Hofman L, et al. 1988 Worldwide experience in newborn screening for classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Pediatrics 81:866-74

3. Speiser PW, Dupont B, Rubinstein P, Piazza A, Kastelan A, New MI 1985 High frequency of nonclassical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 37:650-67

4. Sherman SL, Aston CE, Morton NE, Speiser P, New MI 1988 A segregation and linkage study of classical and nonclassical 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 42:830-838

5. Zerah M, Ueshiba H, Wood E, et al. 1990 Prevalence of nonclassical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency based on a morning salivary 17-hydroxyprogesterone screening test: a small sample study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 70:1662-7

6. Zachmann M, Tassinari D, Prader A 1983 Clinical and biochemical variability of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. J Endocrinol Metab 56:222-229

7. Curnow KM, Slutsker L, Vitek J, et al. 1993 Mutations in the CYP11B1 gene causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hypertension cluster in exons 6, 7, and 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 90:4552-6

8. White PC, Obeid J, Agarwal AK, Tannin GM, Nikkila H 1994 Genetic analysis of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroids 59:111-5

9. Khemiri M, Ridane H, Bou YO, Matoussi N, Khaldi F 2006 [11 beta hydroxylase deficiency: a clinical study of seven cases]. Tunis Med 84:106-13

10. Rosler A, Leiberman E, Cohen T 1992 High frequency of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (classic 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency) among Jews from Morocco. Am J Med Genet 42:827-34

11. Paperna T, Gershoni-Baruch R, Badarneh K, Kasinetz L, Hochberg Z 2005 Mutations in CYP11B1 and congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Moroccan Jews. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5463-5

12. Ganong W 1963 The central nervous system and the synthesis and release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone. In: Nalbandov A (ed) Advances in Neuroendocrinology. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, p 92

13. Guillemin R, Schally A 1963 Recent advances in the chemistry of neuroendocrine mediators originating in the central nervous system. In: Nalbandov A (ed) Advances in Neuroendocrinology. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, p 314

14. Goto M, Piper Hanley K, Marcos J, et al. 2006 In humans, early cortisol biosynthesis provides a mechanism to safeguard female sexual development. J Clin Invest 116:953-60

15. Prader A, Gurtner HP 1955 [The syndrome of male pseudohermaphrodism in congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia without overproduction of androgens (adrenal male pseudohermaphrodism).]. Helv Paediatr Acta 10:397-412

16. Lin-Su K, Vogiatzi MG, Marshall I, et al. 2005 Treatment with growth hormone and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog improves final adult height in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:3318-25

17. Quintos JB, Vogiatzi MG, Harbison MD, New MI 2001 Growth hormone therapy alone or in combination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy to improve the height deficit in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1511-7

18. Jones H, Verkauf B 1971 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: age at menarche and related events at puberty. Am J Obstet Gynecol 109:292

19. Ghali I, David M, David L 1977 Linear growth and pubertal development in treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 6:425-36

20. Trinh L, Nimkarn S, Obeid J, New M, Su K Growth and Pubertal Characteristics in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency. ENDO 2006 The Endocrine Society's 88th Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, 2006, p 368

21. Klingensmith G, Garcia S, Jones H, Migeon C, Blizzard R 1977 Glucocorticoid treatment of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: effects on height, sexual maturation, and fertility. J Pediatr 90:996-1004

22. Mulaikal RM, Migeon CJ, Rock JA 1987 Fertility rates in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. N Engl J Med 316:178-82

23. Cabrera M, Vogiatzi M, New M 2001 Long term outcome in adult males with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3070-3080

24. Bonaccorsi A, Adler I, Figueiredo J 1987 Male infertility due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia: testicular biopsy findings, hormonal evaluation, and therapeutic results in three patients. Fertil Steril 47: p664-70

25. Prader A, MZachmann, Illig R 1977 Normal spermatogenesis in adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia after discontinuation of therapy. In: Lee P, Platnick L, Kowarski A, Migeon C (eds) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. University Park Press, Baltimore, p 397

26. Stewart J 1960 A fertile male with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Acta Endocrinol Suppl 51:661

27. Urban M, Lee P, Migeon C 1978 Adult height and fertility in men with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. New Engl J Med 299:1392

28. Pang S 1977 Growth and sexual maturation and elevated progesterone levels in women treated for congenital virilizing 21-hydroxylase deficiency. In: Lee P, al. e (eds) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 233-246

29. Claahsen-van der Grinten HL, Sweep FC, Blickman JG, Hermus AR, Otten BJ 2007 Prevalence of testicular adrenal rest tumours in male children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 157:339-44

30. Molitor J, Chertow B, Fariss B 1973 Long-term follow-up of a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and failure of testicular development. Fertil Steril 24:319

31. Claahsen-van der Grinten HL, Otten BJ, Hermus AR, Sweep FC, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA 2008 Testicular adrenal rest tumors in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia can cause severe testicular damage. Fertil Steril 89:597-601

32. Wilkins L, Crigler J, Silverman S, Gardner L, Migeon C 1952 Further studies on the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone. II. The effects of cortisone on sexual and somatic development, with an hypothesis concerning the mechanism of feminization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 12:277

33. Blumberg-Tick J, Boudou P, Nahoul K, Schaison G 1991 Testicular tumors in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: steroid measurements from adrenal and spermatic veins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1129-33

34. Schoen E, DiRaimondo V, Dominguez O 1961 Bilateral testicular tumors complicating congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21:518

35. Miller E, Murray H 1962 Congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia: case previously reported as "bilateral interstitial cell tumor of the testicle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:655

36. Glenn J, Boyce W 1963 Adrenogenitalism with testicular adrenal rests simulating interstitial cell tumor. J Urol 89:456

37. Srikanth M, West B, Ishitani M, Isaacs HJ, Applebaum H, Costin G 1992 Benign testicular tumors in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Pediatr Surg 27:639-41

38. Rutgers J, Young R, Scully R 1988 The testicular "tumor" of the adrenogenital syndrome. A report of six cases and review of the literature on testicular masses in patients with adrenocortical disorders. Am J Surg Pathol 12:503-13

39. Sugino Y, Usui T, Okubo K, et al. 2006 Genotyping of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency presenting as male infertility: case report and literature review. J Assist Reprod Genet 23:377-80

40. Klein R 1960 Evidence for and evidence against the existence of a salt-losing hormone. J Pediatr 57:452

41. Kowarski A, Finkelstein JW, Spaulding JS, Holman GH, Migeon CJ 1965 Aldosterone Secretion Rate in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. A Discussion of the Theories on the Pathogenesis of the Salt-Losing Form of the Syndrome. J Clin Invest 44:1505-13

42. Kuhnle U, Land M, Ulick S 1986 Evidence for the secretion of an antimineralocorticoid in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:934-40

43. Stoner E, Dimartino-Nardi J, Kuhnle U, Levine LS, Oberfield SE, New MI 1986 Is salt-wasting in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to the same gene as the fasciculata defect? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24:9-20

44. Luetscher JA 1956 Studies of aldosterone in relation to water and electrolyte balance in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 12:175

45. Speiser PW, Agdere L, Ueshiba H, White PC, New MI 1991 Aldosterone synthesis in salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia with complete absence of adrenal 21-hydroxylase. New England Journal of Medicine 324:145-9

46. Mokshagundam S, Surks M 1993 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia diagnosed in a man during workup for bilateral adrenal masses. Arch Intern Med 153:1389-91

47. Jaresch S, Kornely E, Kley H, Schlaghecke R 1992 Adrenal incidentaloma and patients with homozygous or heterozygous congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:685-9

48. Nimkarn S, New MI 2008 Steroid 11beta- hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Trends Endocrinol Metab 19:96-9

49. Mimouni M, Kaufman H, Roitman A, Morag C, Sadan N 1985 Hypertension in a neonate with 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 143:231-3

50. Rosler A, Leiberman E, Sack J 1982 Clinical variability of congenital adrenal hyperplaisa due to 11B-hydroxylase deficiency. Hormone Research 16:133

51. Hague WM, Honour JW 1983 Malignant hypertension in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 18:505-10

52. Chabre O, Portrat-Doyen S, Chaffanjon P, et al. 2000 Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia with severe hypertension, resulting from two novel mutations in splice donor sites of CYP11B1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4060-8

53. Goldman A, Bongiovanni A, Yakovac W, Prader A 1964 Study of c5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in normal hyperplastic and neoplastic adrenal cortical tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 24:894-909

54. Labrie F, Simard J, Luu-The V, et al. 1992 Structure and tissue-specific expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/5-ene-4-ene isomerase genes in human and rat classical and peripheral steroidogenic tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 41:421-35

55. Yanase T, Simpson E, Waterman M 1991 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency: from clinical investigation to molecular definition. Endocr Rev 12:91-108

56. Lin D, Sugawara T, Strauss JFr, et al. 1995 Role of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. Science 267:1821-1831

57. Bose H, Sugawara T, Strauss Jr, Miller W 1996 The pathophysiology and genetics of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. International Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia Consortium. N Engl J Med 335: 1870-8

58. Stocco D, Clark B 1997 The role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in steroidogenesis. Steroids 62:29-36

59. Wilson RC, Mercado AB, Cheng KC, New MI 1995 Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: genotype may not predict phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2322-2329

60. Nimkarn S, Cerame BI, Wei JQ, et al. 1999 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency) without demonstrable genetic mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:378-81

61. Tajima T, Fujieda K, Kouda N, Nakae J, Miller W 2001 Heterozygous mutation in the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (p450scc) gene in a patient with 46,XY sex reversal and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 3820-3825

62. Fluck CE, Tajima T, Pandey AV, et al. 2004 Mutant P450 oxidoreductase causes disordered steroidogenesis with and without Antley-Bixler syndrome. Nat Genet 36:228-30

63. Nebert DW, Nelson DR, Coon MJ 1991 The P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, and recommended nomenclature. DNA Cell Biol 10:1-14

64. Dupont B, Oberfield S, Smithwick E, Lee T, Levine L 1977 Close genetic linkage between HLA and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency). Lancet 2: p1309-12

65. White PC, New MI, Dupont B 1986 Structure of human steroid 21-hydroxylase genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:5111-5

66. Higashi Y, Yoshioka H, Yamane M, Gotoh O, Fujii-Kuriyama Y 1986 Complete nucleotide sequence of two steroid 21-hydroxylase genes tandemly arranged in human chromosome: a pseudogene and a genuine gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 83:2841-5

67. Tusie-Luna M, White P 1995 Gene conversions and unequal crossovers between CYP21 (steroid 21-hydroxylase gene) and CYP21P involve different mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10796-800

68. Stenson PD, Ball EV, Mort M, et al. 2003 Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): 2003 update. Hum Mutat 21:577-81

69. Speiser PW, Dupont J, Zhu D, et al. 1992 Disease expression and molecular genotype in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J. Clin. Invest. 90:584-95

70. Pang S, Levine LS, Chow DM, Faiman C, New MI 1979 Serum androgen concentrations in neonates and young infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11:575-84

71. Korth-Schutz S, Virdis R, Saenger P, Chow DM, Levine LS, New MI 1978 Serum androgens as a continuing index of adequacy of treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46:452-8

72. Caulfield MP, Lynn T, Gottschalk ME, et al. 2002 The diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the newborn by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of random urine specimens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3682-90

73. Pang S, Hotchkiss J, Drash AL, Levine LS, New MI 1977 Microfilter paper method for 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone radioimmunoassay: its application for rapid screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45:1003-8

74. Gruneiro-Papendieck L, Prieto L, Chiesa A, Bengolea S, Bossi G, Bergada C 2001 Neonatal screening program for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: adjustments to the recall protocol. Horm Res 55:271-7

75. Allen DB, Hoffman GL, Fitzpatrick P, Laessig R, Maby S, Slyper A 1997 Improved precision of newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia using weight-adjusted criteria for 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels. J Pediatr 130:128-33

76. New MI 2004 An update of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1038:14-43

77. New MI, Lorenzen F, Lerner AJ, et al. 1983 Genotyping steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: hormonal reference data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:320-6

78. Jeffcoate T, Fleigner J, Russell S, Davis J, Wade A 1965 Diagnosis of the adrenogenital syndrome before birth. Lancet 2:553

79. New M, Marshall I Adrenal disorders. Pediatric endocrinology. In: De Groot L (ed) Endotext

80. White PC, Agarwal AK, Nunez BS, Giacchetti G, Mantero F, Stewart PM 2000 Genotype-phenotype correlations of mutations and polymorphisms in HSD11B2, the gene encoding the kidney isozyme of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Endocr Res 26:771-80

81. Lee HH, Lee YJ, Chan P, Lin CY 2004 Use of PCR-based amplification analysis as a substitute for the southern blot method for CYP21 deletion detection in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Chem 50:1074-6

82. Nimkarn S, Weerakulwattana L, Chaichanwatanakul K, al. e Comprehensive study of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency in 92 Thai patients. 11th Asian Congress of Pediatrics, Bangkok, Thailand, 2003, p 80

83. Tukel T, Uyguner O, Wei J, et al. 2003 A Novel semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction/enzyme digestion-based method for detection of large scale deletions/conversions of the CYP21 gene and mutation screening in Turkish families with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5893-5897

84. Mao R, Nelson L, Kates R, et al. 2002 Prenatal diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency caused by gene conversion and rearrangements: pitfalls and molecular diagnostic solutions. Prenat Diagn 22:1171-6

85. Day DJ, Speiser PW, Schulze E, et al. 1996 Identification of non-amplifying CYP21 genes when using PCR-based diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) affected pedigrees. Hum Mol Genet 5:2039-48

86. 2000 Technical report: congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Section on Endocrinology and Committee on Genetics. Pediatrics 106:1511-8

87. Rijnders RJ, van der Schoot CE, Bossers B, de Vroede MA, Christiaens GC 2001 Fetal sex determination from maternal plasma in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Obstet Gynecol 98:374-8

88. Costa JM, Benachi A, Gautier E 2002 New strategy for prenatal diagnosis of X-linked disorders. N Engl J Med 346:1502

89. Fiorentino F, Biricik A, Nuccitelli A, et al. 2006 Strategies and clinical outcome of 250 cycles of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for single gene disorders. Hum Reprod 21:670-84

90. David M, Forest MG 1984 Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Pediatr 105:799-803

91. New M, Carlson A, Obeid J, et al. 2001 Extensive Personal Experience: Prenatal diagnosis for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 532 pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5651-7

92. Mercado AB, Wilson RC, Cheng KC, Wei JQ, New MI 1995 Extensive personal experience: Prenatal treatment and diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2014-2020

93. Carlson AD, Obeid JS, Kanellopoulou N, Wilson RC, New MI Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: update on prenatal diagnosis and treatment. Xth International Congress on Hormonal Steroids, Quebec, CA, 1999, pp 19-29

94. Clayton PE, Miller WL, Oberfield SE, Ritzen EM, Sippell WG, Speiser PW 2002 Consensus statement on 21-hydroxylase deficiency from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Horm Res 58:188-95

95. Saenger P 1984 Abnormal sex differentiation. J Pediatr 104:1-17

96. Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Dolezal C, Baker SW, Ehrhardt AA, New MI 2006 Gender development in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of disorder severity. Archives of Sexual Behavior 35:667-684

97. Seckl JR 2004 Prenatal glucocorticoids and long-term programming. Eur J Endocrinol 151 Suppl 3:U49-62

98. Seckl JR, Miller WL 1997 How safe is long-term prenatal glucocorticoid treatment? Jama 277:1077-9

99. New M, Carlson A, Obeid J, et al. 2003 Update: Prenatal diagnosis for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 595 pregnancies. The Endocrinologist 13:233-239

100. Forest MG, Dorr HG 2003 Prenatal therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Retrospective follow-up study of 253 treated pregnancies in 215 families. Endocrinologist 13:252-259

101. Trautman PD, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Postelnek J, New MI 1996 Mothers' reactions to prenatal diagnostic procedures and dexamethasone treatment of CAH. J Psycho Obst Gyn 17:175-81

102. New M 2001 Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The United States experience. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 30:1-13

103. Lajic S, Nordenstrom A, Ritzen EM, Wedell A 2004 Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Eur J Endocrinol 151 Suppl 3:U63-9

104. Lajic S, Wedell A, Bui T, Ritzen E, Holst M 1998 Long-term somatic follow-up of prenatally treated children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3872-80

105. Goldman A, Sharpior B, Katsumata M 1978 Human foetal palatal corticoid receptors and teratogens for cleft palate. Nature 272:464-6

106. Raman PB, Ertel RJ, Ungar F 1964 Conversion of Progesterone-4-14c to 18-Hydroxycorticosterone and Aldosterone by Mouse Adrenals in Vitro. Endocrinology 74:865-9

107. Nandi J, Bern HA, Biglieri EG, Pieprzyk JK 1967 In vitro steroidogenesis by the adrenal glands of mice. Endocrinology 80:576-82

108. Yeh TF, Lin YJ, Lin HC, et al. 2004 Outcomes at school age after postnatal dexamethasone therapy for lung disease of prematurity. N Engl J Med 350:1304-13

109. Slotkin TA, Zhang J, McCook EC, Seidler FJ 1998 Glucocorticoid administration alters nuclear transcription factors in fetal rat brain: implications for the use of antenatal steroids. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 111:11-24

110. Uno H, Lohmiller L, Thieme C, et al. 1990 Brain damage induced by prenatal exposure to dexamethasone in fetal rhesus macaques. I. Hippocampus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 53:157-67

111. 2002 Consensus statement on 21-hydroxylase deficiency from the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4048-53

112. Newnham JP 2001 Is prenatal glucocorticoid administration another origin of adult disease? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 28:957-61

113. Trautman PD, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Postelnek J, New MI 1995 Effects of early prenatal dexamethasone on the cognitive and behavioral development of young children: results of a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20:439-49

114. Hall C, Jones J, Meyer-Bahlburg H, et al. 2004 Behavioral and physical masculinization are related to genotype in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:419-24

115. Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Dolezal C, Zucker KJ, Kessler SJ, Schober JM, New MI 2006 The Recalled Childhood Gender Questionnaire-Revised: a psychometric analysis in a sample of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Sex Res 43:364-7

116. Rosler A, Leiberman E, Rosenmann A 1979 Prenatal diagnosis of 11beta hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49:546

117. Schumert Z, Rosenmann A, Landau H, Rosler A 1980 11-Deoxycortisol in amniotic fluid: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol 12:257

118. Sippell WG, Muller-Holve W, Dorr HG, Bidlingmaier F, Knorr D 1981 Concentrations of aldosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, and cortisone determined simultaneously in human amniotic fluid throughout gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:385-92

119. Cerame BI, Newfield RS, Pascoe L, et al. 1999 Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting in normal female genitalia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3129-34

120. Geley S, Kapelari K, Johrer K, et al. 1996 CYP11B1 mutations causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2896-901

121. Motaghedi R, Betensky BP, Slowinska B, et al. 2005 Update on the prenatal diagnosis and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 18:133-42

122. Nimkarn S, Lin-Su K, Berglind N, Wilson RC, New MI 2006 Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio as a Marker for Disease Severity in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab

123. Canalis E 1996 Clinical review 83: Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone: implications to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Clin Endocirnol Metab 81:3441-7

124. Canalis E, Bilezikian JP, Angeli A, Giustina A 2004 Perspectives on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Bone 34:593-8

125. Manelli F, Giustina A 2000 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Trend Endocrinol Metab 11:79-85

126. Mazziotti G AA, Bilezikian JP, Canalis E, Giustina A 2006 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update. Trend Endocrinol Metab 17:144-9

127. Cameron F, Kaymakci B, Byrt E, Ebeling P, Warne G, Wark J 1995 Bone mineral density and body composition in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2238-43

128. Guo C, Weetman A, Eastell R 1996 Bone turnover and bone mineral density in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf 45:535-41

129. Mora S, Saggion F, Russo G, et al. 1996 Bone density in young patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Bone 18:337-40

130. Gussinye M, Carrascosa A, Potau N, et al. 1997 Bone mineral density in prepubertal and in adolescent and young adult patients with the salt-wasting form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Pediatrics 100:671-4

131. Paganini C, Radetti G, Livieri C, Braga V, Migliavacca D, Adami S 2000 Height, bone mineral density and bone markers in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Res 54:164-8

132. de Almeida Freire PO, de Lemos-Marini SH, Maciel-Guerra AT, et al. 2003 Classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: a cross-sectional study of factors involved in bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Metab 21:396-401

133. King JA, Wisniewski AB, Bankowski BJ, Carson KA, Zacur HA, Migeon CJ 2006 Long-term corticosteroid replacement and bone mineral density in adult women with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:865-9

134. Schachter SC 1994 Handedness in women with intrauterine exposure to diethystilbestrol. Neuropsychologia 32:619-623

135. Schnitzer J, Donahoe P 2001 Surgical treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 30:137-54

136. Gmyrek G, New M, Sosa R, Poppas D 2002 Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy as a treatment for classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia attributable to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Pediatrics 109: pE28